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METOP GOME-2 - Ozone (O3) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational ozone total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The new improved DOAS-style (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) algorithm called GDOAS, was selected as the basis for GDP version 4.0 in the framework of an ESA ITT. GDP 4.x performs a DOAS fit for ozone slant column and effective temperature followed by an iterative AMF / VCD computation using a single wavelength. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks) are used for retrieving the following geophysical cloud properties from GOME and GOME-2 data: cloud fraction (cloud cover), cloud-top pressure (cloud-top height), and cloud optical thickness (cloud-top albedo). OCRA is an optical sensor cloud detection algorithm that uses the PMD devices on GOME / GOME-2 to deliver cloud fractions for GOME / GOME-2 scenes. ROCINN takes the OCRA cloud fraction as input and uses a neural network training scheme to invert GOME / GOME-2 reflectivities in and around the O2-A band. VLIDORT [Spurr (2006)] templates of reflectances based on full polarization scattering of light are used to train the neural network. ROCINN retrieves cloud-top pressure and cloud-top albedo. The cloud-top pressure for GOME scenes is derived from the cloud-top height provided by ROCINN and an appropriate pressure profile. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Modulare miniaturisierte photoakustische Gassensorik zur dezentralen Prozessüberwachung, Teilvorhaben: Schneller, breitbandiger thermischer Infrarot-Emitter

Langlebige Treibhausgase in der extratropischen Tropopausenregion

Die Mischungsverhältnisse der wichtigsten langlebigen Treibhausgase in der Atmosphäre steigen durch die anhaltenden anthropogenen Emissionen weiter an. Die langlebigen Treibhausgase, die am meisten zum menschengemachten Klimawandel beitragen, sind Kohlendioxid (CO2), Methan (CH4) und Lachgas (N2O). Neben ihrem Beitrag zum Klimawandel weisen die Verteilungen dieser Gase starke Gradienten über die Tropopause auf und sind daher gute Indikatoren atmosphärischer Transportpozesse. mit einer Lebensdauer von ca. 850 Jahren und kontinuierlich steigenden Mischungsverhältnissen ist auch Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6), ein synthetisches Gas mit starkem Erwärmungspotential, wird häufig als Indikator des sogenannten Alters von Luftmassen verwendet, das ein Maß für die Stärke der stratosphärischen Transports ist.Das Vorhaben basiert auf der Harmonisierung und wissenschaftlichen Auswertung bereits existierender Messdaten dieser vier wichtigsten Treibhausgase und weiterer langlebiger halogenierte Spurenstoffe der Messplattform IAGOS_CARIBIC aus der Tropopausenregion. Der Datensatz deckt den Zeitraum 2005-2020 and und wird ergänzt durch Daten existierende Messungen im Rahmen verschiedener Messkamapgnen des deutschen Forschungsflugzeugs HALO.Die Datenauswertung wird sich konzentrieren auf: Trends der Mischungsverhältnisse langlebiger Treibhausgase in der oberen Troposphäre, insbesondere ihren Zeitversatz zu Messungen an Bodenmessstationen, die Variabilität langlebiger Treibhausgase in der Tropopausenregion und die Identifizierung und Quellenzuordnung auffällig hoher Spurengasmischungsverhältnisse in der oberen Tropopause. Das Ziel ist ein bessseres Verständnis atmosphärischer Transportprozesse, vor allem in die und in der Tropopausenregion.Außerdem soll im Rahmen des Vorhabens ein bestehender Messaufbau für Messungen halogenierte Spurengase an Luftproben mittels Gaschromatographie (GC) gekoppelt mit Massenspektrometrie um eine kleine GC-Einheit zur Messung von SF6 bei minimalen Probenverbrauch erweitert werden. Dafür beinhaltet das Vorhaben Untersuchungen zur Eignung nicht-radioaktiver Nachweismethoden für SF6. Detektoren, die auf geplusten Entladungen basieren, sind grundsätzlich für Messungen von SF6 geeignet, wurden aber noch nicht für Messungen in der Atmosphäre verwendet. Ein solcher Detektor soll für den Aufbau der neuen GC-Einheit getestet werden. Als Alternative ist ein Elektroneinfangdetektor, die etablierte Messtechnik basierend auf dem radioaktiven Zerfall eines Nickelisotops, vorgesehen.

Auf dem Weg zu einem besseren DMS-Oxidationsmechanismus (ADOniS)

Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Ozean und der Troposphäre sind für viele Prozesse in beiden Systemen wichtig. Ein Schlüsselprozess stellt der Austausch von Spurengasen zwischen der Atmosphäre und dem Ozean dar. Die Emission von Dimethylsulfid (DMS) stellt die größte natürliche Quelle für reduzierten Schwefel in die Atmosphäre dar. Dort kann DMS zu Schwefeldioxid, Schwefelsäure oder Methansulfonsäure oxidiert werden. Diese Verbindungen sind wichtige Vorläufersubstanzen für sekundäre Aerosole, die den natürlichen Strahlungshaushalt und die Wolkenbildung beeinflussen können. Die chemische Prozessierung, d.h. die sekundäre Bildung und Oxidation von DMS-Oxidationsprodukten, ist jedoch noch immer schlecht verstanden. Daher ist die Implementierung in aktuelle Multiphasenchemiemechanismen und Klimamodellen begrenzt, wodurch die aktuellen Vorhersagen noch sehr unsicher sind. Um die bestehenden Lücken in unserem Verständnis der DMS-Multiphasenchemie weiter zu schließen, zielt das Projekt ADOniS darauf ab, (i) fortgeschrittene Laboruntersuchungen zur Gas- und Flüssigphasenchemie von DMS-Oxidationsprodukten durchzuführen, (ii) ein fortgeschrittenes Multiphasen-DMS-Chemiemodul zu entwickeln und (iii) Prozess- und 3D-Modelluntersuchungen durchzuführen. Die vorgeschlagenen detaillierten Laboruntersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf die OH-Oxidation von Gasphasenprodukten der ersten Generation, Hydroperoxymethylthioformat (HPMTF) und Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO), sowie auf die Bildung von DMS-Oxidationsprodukten der zweiten Generation. Die detaillierten mechanistischen Untersuchungen werden mit einem Freistrahl-Strömungsreaktor durchgeführt. Weitere kinetische und mechanistische Untersuchungen werden sich auf die Chemie von DMS-Oxidationsprodukten in der wässrigen Phase konzentrieren. OH Radikalreaktionen von HPMTF-Surrogaten werden mit Hilfe eines Laser Flash Photolysis - Long Path Absorption (LFP-LPA) Systems untersucht. Weiterhin wird die Oxidation von MSA/MS- durch OH(aq) und die Oxidation von MSIA/MSI- durch O3(aq) in wässriger Phase untersucht. Ferner soll die Aufnahme von wichtigen DMS-Oxidationsprodukten an verschiedenen Aerosolpartikeln durch Kammerstudien untersucht werden. Die Bildung von DMS-Oxidationsprodukten in der Gasphase und deren Aufnahme auf injizierten Aerosolpartikeln wird mit einem CI-APi-TOF Massenspektrometer gemessen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Laborstudien wird ein fortschrittliches DMS-Reaktionsmodul entwickelt und anschließend im Multiphasenchemiemodell SPACCIM für detaillierte Prozessstudien eingesetzt. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die wichtigsten DMS-Oxidationswege werden dann die Grundlage für eine aktualisierte Behandlung DMS in globalen Klimachemiemodellen (CCMs), hier ECHAM-HAMMOZ, bilden. Schließlich werden Simulationen mit ECHAM-HAMMOZ die Auswirkungen des verbesserten DMS-Mechanismus auf die globale atmosphärische DMS-Chemie untersuchen und die Auswirkungen auf das Klima und die zukünftige Sensitivität bewerten.

Methodologies for dealing with uncertainties in landscape planning and related modeling; Uncertainty of predicted hydro-biogeochemical fluxes and trace gas emissions on the landscape scale under climate and land use change

Water, carbon and nitrogen are key elements in all ecosystem turnover processes and they are related to a variety of environmental problems, including eutrophication, greenhouse gas emissions or carbon sequestration. An in-depth knowledge of the interaction of water, carbon and nitrogen on the landscape scale is required to improve land use and management while at the same time mitigating environmental impact. This is even more important under the light of future climate and land use changes.In the frame of the proposal 'Uncertainty of predicted hydro-biogeochemical fluxes and trace gas emissions on the landscape scale under climate and land use change' we advocate the development of fully coupled, process-oriented models that explicitly simulate the dynamic interaction of water, carbon and nitrogen turnover processes on the landscape scale. We will use the Catchment Modelling Framework CMF, a modular toolbox to implement and test hypothesis of hydrologic behaviour and couple this to the biogeochemical LandscapeDNDC model, a process-based dynamic model for the simulation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils and their associated turnover processes.Due to the intrinsic complexity of the models in use, the predictive uncertainty of the coupled models is unknown. This predictive (global) uncertainty is composed of stochastic and structural components. Stochastic uncertainty results from errors in parameter estimation, poorly known initial states of the model, mismatching boundary conditions or inaccuracies in model input and validation data. Structural uncertainty is related to the flawed or simplified description of natural processes in a model.The objective of this proposal is therefore to quantify the global uncertainty of the coupled hydro-biogeochemical models and investigate the uncertainty chain from parameter uncertainty over forcing data uncertainty up the structural model uncertainty be setting up different combinations of CMF and LandscapeDNDC. A comprehensive work program has been developed structured in 4 work packages, that consist of (1) model set up, calibration and uncertainty assessment on site scale followed by (2) an application and uncertainty assessment of the coupled model structures on regional scale, (3) global change scenario analyses and finally (4) evaluating model results in an ensemble fashion.Last but not least, a further motivation of this proposal is to provide project results in a manner that they support planning and decision taking under uncertainty, as this proposal is part of the package proposal on 'Methodologies for dealing with uncertainties in landscape planning and related modelling'.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud Optical Thickness (COT), Level 3 – Global

This product displays the Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) around the globe. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud optical thickness is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud Fraction (CF), Level 3 – Global

Global Cloud Fraction (CF). Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The radiometric cloud fraction is retrieved from the UV using the OCRA algorithm. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

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