Verkarstete, zerklüftete unterirdische Aquifere sind wichtige Trinkwasserquellen. Der Einsatz von Düngemitteln in der Landwirtschaft hat jedoch zu einer Nitratinfiltration geführt. Der Konsum von nitrathaltigem Trinkwasser könnte zu gesundheitlichen Problemen führen, und die Europäische Union hat festgelegt, dass die Stickstoffkonzentration im Trinkwasser weniger als 50 mg/L betragen muss, um trinkbar zu sein. In landwirtschaftlich genutzten Regionen liegen die Nitratkonzentrationen jedoch häufig über diesem Grenzwert. So wurden beispielsweise im Einzugsgebiet der Ammer (Deutschland) Nitratkonzentrationen von bis zu 60 mg/l gemessen, während die Abflussgebiete nur 1 mg/l Nitrat enthielten. Diese Konzentrationsunterschiede lassen auf eine intensive Denitrifikation schließen. In unterirdischen oligotrophen Umgebungen können Mikroorganismen die Nitratreduktion mit der Eisen-/Schwefeloxidation koppeln. Die Bestimmung räumlicher Hot Spots, in denen Mikroben eine wichtige Rolle bei der Denitrifikation im Untergrund spielen, ist eine Herausforderung, und es ist daher nicht bekannt, ob die Denitrifikation nur in Klüften oder auch in der porösen Gesteinsmatrix stattfindet. Wir haben Gesteinskerne aus 70 m Tiefe entnommen - der gesättigten Zone der Bronnbachquelle (Deutschland). Das einzigartige Bohrloch ohne Verrohrung diente der Errichtung einer Grundwassermessstelle. Das erste Ziel dieses Projekts besteht darin, die Taxonomie und die funktionellen Fähigkeiten der denitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen zu bestimmen, die das Karbonatgestein bewohnen. Das zweite Ziel ist die Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Besiedlung Pyrit-haltiger künstlicher und natürlicher poröser Gesteinsmatrixen und der Pyritoxidationsrate durch Laborexperimente. Für diese In-vitro-Studie werden Mikroorganismen verwendet, die zuvor aus Karbonatgestein angereichert wurden und die die Nitratreduktion mit (Eisen/Schwefel)-Oxidation verbinden. Das dritte Ziel besteht darin, die In-situ-Pyrit-Oxidationsrate in den künstlichen und natürlichen porösen Gesteinsmatrixen zu bestimmen. Dies wird durch die langfristige Inkubation von Pyrit-haltigen mikrobiellen Fallen (MTDs; mit Gesteinsmatrixen) im neu installierten Grundwasserbrunnen und durch die Überwachung der Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung und der Funktionen der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften, die die MTDs besiedeln, erreicht. Mittels der kombinierten Ergebnisse der Feld- und Laborarbeiten werden wir Folgendes ermitteln: i) die ökologischen Nischen der nitratreduzierenden Mikroorganismen im Grundwasserleiter des Einzugsgebiets der Bronnbachquelle, ii) die wichtigsten Mikroorganismen, die für den Nitratumsatz verantwortlich sind, iii) die Stoffwechseleigenschaften und Funktionen der nitratreduzierenden Mikroorganismen, iv) das Potenzial der Denitrifikanten, die poröse Gesteinsmatrix zu besiedeln, v) die Faktoren, die die Effizienz der Denitrifikation beeinflussen, und v) die Pyritoxidationsrate innerhalb der porösen Gesteinsmatrix.
As part of PhytOakmeter platform (www.phytoakmeter.de), soil chemical parameters were determined in 2016, 2020 and 2022. Soil pH was measured using a glass electrode in a 1:2.5 soil-to-0.01 M CaCl2 suspension after one hour of equilibration. Gravimetric soil moisture was assessed with a fully automated moisture analyzer (DBS60-3, KERN & SOHN GmbH, Balingen, Germany), here defined as soil moisture (MOI). Total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC) contents in the soil were analyzed in triplicate through dry combustion using a Vario elemental analyzer (EL III, Elementar, Hanau, Germany), and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (TC/TN) was subsequently calculated from these values. To evaluate the potentially bioavailable soil organic carbon and nitrogen for microbial activity, hot water-extractable carbon and nitrogen (HWC and HWN, respectively) were determined following the methods of Ghani et al. (2003) and Schulz et al. (2011). Additionally, the labile organic carbon and nitrogen easily decomposable by soil microorganisms were measured as cold water-extractable carbon (CWC) and nitrogen (CWN) based on procedures described by Zsolnay (1996), Zakharova et al. (2015), and Schmidt et al. (2017). Ammonium and nitrate (NH4±N and NO3—N, respectively) were quantified, with their sum representing the total mineral nitrogen content (Nmin).
Versuchsziel: Mit dem Versuch wird geprüft, ob sich eine unterschiedliche N-Nachlieferung auch dann in entsprechenden extrahierbaren organischen N-Gehalten widerspiegelt, wenn der Humusgehalt im Boden ähnlich hoch ist. Hintergrundinformation: Für die Bestimmung der N-Nachlieferung gibt es noch keine sichere Methode. Auch die weit verbreitete EUF-Methode vermag lediglich zwischen Standorten mit stark unterschiedlichen Humusgehalten zu unterscheiden. Standorte mit etwa gleichem Humusgehalt, aber unterschiedlichem N-Nachlieferungspotential kann die Methode jedoch nicht differenzieren. Nach erfolgreichen Vorarbeiten mit der Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (NIRS) zur Analyse geringer Zellulosemengen (= leicht abbaubarer C im Boden) soll untersucht werden, ob sich das unterschiedliche N-Nachlieferungspotential von Böden eines Standortes (fast gleicher Humusgehalt) mit der NIRS besser differenzieren lässt als mit der EUF-Methode. Als weitere Methode soll die Extraktion mit CaCl2 geprüft werden.
Fecundity of marine fish species is highly variable, but trade-offs between fecundity and egg quality have rarely been observed at the individual level. We investigated spatial differences in reproductive investment of individual European sprat Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus 1758) females by determining batch fecundity, condition indices (somatic condition index and gonadosomatic index) as well as oocyte dry weight, protein content, lipid content, spawning batch energy content, and fatty acid composition. Sampling was conducted in five different spawning areas within the Baltic Sea between March and May 2012. Sampling was conducted in the Baltic Sea during three cruises of the German RV “Alkor” in March (https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2012/20120331.htm), April (http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/CR_AL390), and May (http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/CR_AL392) 2012. Five different areas were sampled: KB, AB, Bornholm Basin (BB), Gdansk Deep (GD), and Gotland Basin (GB). Fish were caught with a pelagic trawl. Trawling time was in general 30 minutes per haul. The total lengths (TL, ±0.1 cm) of at least 200 sprat per haul were measured for length frequency analysis. Only female sprat with ovaries containing fully hydrated oocytes were sampled, running ripe females were rejected to avoid possible loss of oocytes, as this would lead to an underestimation of batch fecundity. Sprat were sampled immediately after the haul was on deck and stored on crushed ice. The sampled fish were weighed (wet mass WM, ±0.1 g) and measured (TL, ±0.1 cm), and their ovaries were dissected carefully. Oocytes were extracted from a single ovary lobe, rinsed with deionized water, and counted under a stereo microscope (Leica MZ 8). A counted number of oocytes (around 50 oocytes per fish) were transferred to pre-weighed tin-caps (8 x 8 x 15 mm). These samples were used to determine the oocyte dry weight, lipid content, and fatty acid composition. In addition, a counted number of oocytes (around 10 oocytes per fish) were sampled in Eppendorf caps for determination of protein content. Oocyte samples were stored at -80 °C for subsequent fatty acid and protein analysis in the laboratory. Finally, both ovary lobes were stored in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution for further fecundity analysis. Ovary free body mass (OFBM, ±0.1 g) of sampled frozen fish and fixed ovary mass (OM, ±0.1 g) were measured (Sartorius, 0.01 g) in the laboratory on land, to avoid imprecise measurements due to the ship's motion at sea. Absolute batch fecundity (ABF) was determined gravimetrically using the hydrated oocyte method suggested by Hunter et al. (1985) for indeterminate batch spawners. For ascertainment of the relative batch fecundity per unit body weight (RBF), ABF was divided by OFBM. Further, a condition index (CI) was determined: CI = (OFBM/〖TL〗^3 )× 100. A gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated with the following formula: GSI = (OM/OFBM)× 100. Oocyte dry weight was determined to the nearest 0.1 µg (Sartorius SC 2 micro-scale), using the samples stored in pre-weighed tin caps, after freeze-drying (Christ Alpha 1-4) for at least 24 hours. After subtracting the weight of the empty tin cap, the average oocyte dry mass (ODM) was then calculated by dividing the total weight by the number of oocytes contained in the tin cap. The fatty acid signature of oocytes was determined by gas chromatography (GC). Lipid extraction of the dried oocytes was performed using a 1:1:1 solvent mix of dichloromethane:methanol:chloroform. A five component fatty acid methyl ester Mix (13:0 - 21:0, Restek, Bad Homburg, Germany; c = 8.5 ng component µl-1) was added as an internal standard and a 23:0 fatty acid standard (Restek, Bad Homburg, Germany, c = 25.1 ng µl-1) was added as an esterification efficiency control. Esterification was performed over night at 50 °C in 200 µl 1% H2SO4 and 100 µl toluene. The solvent phase was transferred to 100 µl n-hexane and a 1 µl aliquot measured in a Thermo Fisher Trace GC Ultra with a Thermo Fisher TRACETM TR-FAME column (10 m*0.1 mm*0.2 µm). For more details on sample preparation and GC settings, see Hauss et al. (2012). The total lipid content per oocyte was determined by adding up the weights of all detected fatty acids. To ensure comparability with past studies, results for FA are given as a percentage of the combined weights of all detected FA. An average of 10 oocytes were transferred to 5*9 mm tin cups (Hekatech) and dried at 50 °C for >24 h. Total organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content was measured using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Elemental Analyzer Flash 2000. From the total amount of N in the sample, the oocyte protein content was calculated according to Kjeldahl (Bradstreet, 1954), using a factor of 6.25. The oocyte gross energy content was calculated on the basis of measured protein and lipid content, which were multiplied with corresponding energy values from literature. The measured amount of proteins per given oocyte (P, mg) was multiplied by a factor of 23.66 J mg-1 and was added to the total amount of lipids per oocyte (L, mg) multiplied by 39.57 J mg-1 (Henken et al. 1986). Consequently, the oocyte energy content of each individual female sprat was multiplied by its relative batch fecundity in order to obtain a standardized estimate of the total amount of energy invested into a single spawning batch (SBEC, J g-1 OFBM): SBEC = [(P × 23.66 (J )/mg)+(L × 39.57 (J )/mg)]× RBF
The polar oceans are experiencing some of the largest levels of ocean acidification (OA) resulting from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Our understanding of the impacts this is having on polar marine communities is mainly derived from studies of single species in laboratory conditions, while the consequences for food web interactions remain largely unknown. This study carried out experimental manipulations of natural pelagic communities at different high latitude sites in both the northern (Nordic Seas) and southern hemispheres (Scotia and Weddell Seas). The aim of this study was to identify more generic responses and greater experimental reproducibility through implementing a series of short term (4 day), multilevel (3 treatment) carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments on unfiltered natural surface ocean communities, including grazing copepods. The experiments were successfully executed at six different sites, covering a diverse range of environmental conditions and differing plankton community compositions. The study identified the interaction between copepods and dinoflagellate cell abundance to be significantly altered by elevated levels of dissolved CO2 (pCO2), with dinoflagellates decreasing relative to ambient conditions across all six experiments. A similar pattern was not observed in any other major phytoplankton group. The patterns indicate that copepods show a stronger preference for dinoflagellates when in elevated pCO2 conditions, demonstrating that changes in food quality and altered grazing selectivity may be a major consequence of ocean acidification. The study also found that transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) generally increased when pCO2 levels were elevated, but the response was dependent on the exact set of environmental conditions. Bacteria and nannoplankton showed a neutral response to elevated pCO2 and there was no significant relationship between changes in bacterial or nannoplankton abundance and that of TEP concentrations. Overall, the study illustrated that, although some similar responses exist, these contrasting high latitude surface ocean communities are likely to show different responses to the onset of elevated pCO2.
Die Hangneigung entspricht dem sogenannten Hangneigungswinkel und ist die Neigung der Geländeoberfläche gegenüber der Horizontalen entlang einer Falllinie (maximaler Neigungswinkel des Geländes). Die Karte stellt alle Flächen mit einer Hangneigung größer 20 Prozent in einer Rasterauflösung von 5 m dar. Sind mehr als 30% der Fläche eines Grünlandschlages oder eines Ackerschlages mit mehrschnittigem Feldfutterbau in Bereichen mit einer Hangneigung größer 20 Prozent, ist der Schlag von den Vorgaben des § 6 Abs. 3 Satz 2 DüV, wonach flüssige organische und flüssige organisch-mineralische Düngemittel, einschließlich flüssiger Wirtschaftsdünger, mit wesentlichem Gehalt an verfügbarem Stickstoff oder Ammoniumstickstoff auf Grünland und auf Ackerflächen mit mehrschnittigem Feldfutterbau ab dem 01. Februar 2025 nur noch streifenförmig auf den Boden aufgebracht oder direkt in den Boden eingebracht werden dürfen, befreit.
To characterise slicks chemically and biologically, on 13th, 16th and 18th of June 2024, slicks and underlying water (depth 1m) were sampled at a total of 9 closely clustered stations in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Warnemünde, Germany. On 13.06. and 16.06. samples were taken in the evening, on the 18.06. samples were taken in the morning. On site, salinity (portable Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)-meter CO-330), water temperature (portable Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)-meter CO-330), wind speed (hand-held anemometer model MS6252A) and light intensity (Galaxy Sensors phone app v.1.10.1) were measured. Slick samples were taken with a glass plate sampler (), samples of the underlying water were taken by a syringe connected to a weighted hose. The samples were fixed as needed and analysed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentration, surfactant (SAS) concentration, viral particle concentration and cellular abundance of phytoplankton in different size classes (pico-, nano- and microphytoplankton). DOC and TDN concentrations were analysed by high temperature catalytic combustion, SAS concentrations by the voltametric technique with a hanging mercury drop electrode (Ćosović and Vojvodić 1998; Rickard et al. 2019). The concentrations of viral particles and phytoplankton were assessed by flowcytometry (BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer).
This dataset provides information on soil chemistry and soil bulk density as part of the Grassworks project, which investigates the restoration of species-rich grasslands in Germany. Grasslands are globally threatened ecosystems, and the project aims to identify factors that contribute to successful restoration, focusing on ecological complexity and stakeholder engagement. Data was collected from 187 grassland sites across three regions in Northern, Central, and Southern Germany, each with distinct socio-economic and ecological characteristics. Sampling occurred between 2022 and 2023 and included 40–41 restored grassland sites and 20–25 reference sites (10–12 positive, 10–13 negative) per region. At each site in March or early April at each vegetation plot per subtransect, we took soil samples (pooled from six soil cores, 20 mm diameter) that were further pooled into one sample per site (24 in total) and analyzed for total soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen content, pH, and soil texture. Additionally, soil bulk density was measured at vegetation plots per site, to enable future assessment of carbon sequestration over time. Soil and bulk density samples were taken at two depths: 0–10 and 10–30 cm.
Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: The effect of rare arable plants on soil nutrient concentration was measured by taking soil samples in the 1st and 2nd study year (March 2018 and August 2019). One soil sample per plot was taken to a 20 cm depth and analyzed by the AGROLAB Group (Landshut, Germany) for soil organic matter [%] and nitrogen concentration [%] (DIN EN 15936; 2012 and DIN EN 16168; 2012-11).
Larvae of marine species with complex life cycles with wide latitudinal distribution ranges can differ not only in their thermal tolerance, but also in responses to temperature, such as growth rates and carbon or nitrogen accumulation. To assess population-specific growth rates, based on dry mass and carbon and nitrogen contents, we studied larval growth rates of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas across an environmental temperature gradient. We measured larval growth (day-1) from hatching to metamorphosis to megalopa at seven constant temperature treatments (9-27 °C, in 3 °C increments). Data represent experimental observations of larval dry mass, carbon and nitrogen contents under laboratory conditions and are reported at the level of replicates by females of each population. Replication was performed on two levels: 5 **10 larvae were reared per female, and 4 to 6 females were used per population. Larvae originated from berried females collected from populations at the southern and northern parts of the native European distribution (Vigo, Spain; Bergen and Trondheim, Norway). The data were collected during one reproductive period in 2022. Growth rates were low at low temperatures and increased with temperature, reaching a plateau at 21 °C. This increase in growth coincided with a reduction in duration of development, leading to similar body mass at metamorphosis across temperature treatments. Contrastingly, at the high temperature treatments 24°C and 27°C, reductions in duration of development did not coincide with increased growth rates, hence larvae metamorphosed with reduced body mass.
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