This publication analyses the advantages and disadvantages of carbon credits compared to other financing instruments for protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems. Nine instruments are examined, including emission credits, biodiversity certificates, development cooperation, and blue bonds. Several aspects such as scalability, financial stability, carbon accounting, and project integrity are explored. Findings suggest that carbon credits offer scalability and long-term revenue potential but are hindered by high transaction costs, market volatility, and risks to environmental integrity, particularly when used for emission offsetting. The report targets professionals in climate change, conservation, and sustainable finance. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 05/2026.
Integrated national climate and energy ‘policies and measures’ (PaMs) cover all actions which contribute to meeting the objectives of the integrated national energy and climate plans. European countries are committed to adopting, implementing and planning policies and taking the corresponding measures to achieve climate change mitigation and energy targets, such as reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, producing additional renewable energy, or reducing overall energy consumption. All European countries report information on implemented, adopted or planned PaMs every 2 years under the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action Regulation and its two Implementing Regulations (EU) 2020/1208 and (EU) 2022/2299.
Ein zentrales Ziel des Vorhabens besteht in der Weiterentwicklung der Deutschen Sustainable Finance Strategy, u.a. durch eine Konkretisierung der Vorschläge des Sustainable Finance Beirats, wobei die Entwicklung eines effektiven und konsistenten Instrumentenmix im Mittelpunkt steht. Darüber hinaus sollen Vorschläge werden, wie auf EU-Ebene die Kohärenz der diversen Sustainable Finance Instrumente (z.B: Taxonomie, Offenlegungsverordnung) verbessert und eine sinnvolle Verknüpfung mit der nationalen Sustainable Finance Strategie erfolgen kann.