Vegetation relevés were carried out at five of the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) project (www.tereno.net) sites were mown or grazed grasslands were available. The initial study design was for investigating the impact of land management (mown meadows versus grazed pastures) on plant diversity and spatial scale heterogeneity. The selected grasslands were managed as either meadows or pastures for at least the last ten years. The initial study design was a balanced, nested design with three grasslands per land management type and study site. Vegetation relevés of 10 m x 10 m were established within identified grasslands from which 10 subplots, of 1 m^2, were randomly selected to be surveyed. Within each subplot all vascular plant species were determined and their cover was visually estimated to the nearest percentage as a proxy for abundance. Data is provided as percentage cover per subplot. Plant species names were updated according to The Plant List. Due to in-field limitations and more detailed records from farmers, the final data set consists of 270 subplot records, of which 120 are within meadows and 150 within pastures. The sampling inbalance should be accounted for (see associated publication for further details, and the supplementary plot combination file). Two complementary data sets were also collected at the same plots (with the same spatial resolution) for soil microbial diversity of fungi and bacteria. These data sets have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the accession PRJNA563995.
Here we provide the revised (rev1 from 20.03.2024) dataset for COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors. The dataset contains soil moisture data from 65 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) in Europe. The CRNS stations cover all major land use types and climate zones within Europe. Raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 23 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for conversion to soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, information on data uncertainty was added to the dataset, which is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This harmonized European soil moisture dataset will help both the hydrological and climatic communities to study individual drought events, understand their causes, evaluate and improve their modeling, and estimate the extremity of current events.
Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).
Here we provide the dataset for COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors. The dataset contains soil moisture data from 65 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) in Europe. The CRNS stations cover all major land use types and climate zones within Europe. Raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 23 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for conversion to soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, information on data uncertainty was added to the dataset, which is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This harmonized European soil moisture dataset will help both the hydrological and climatic communities to study individual drought events, understand their causes, evaluate and improve their modeling, and estimate the extremity of current events.
Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).
Here we provide the dataset for COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors. The dataset contains soil moisture data from 65 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) in Europe. The CRNS stations cover all major land use types and climate zones within Europe. Raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 23 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for conversion to soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, information on data uncertainty was added to the dataset, which is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This harmonized European soil moisture dataset will help both the hydrological and climatic communities to study individual drought events, understand their causes, evaluate and improve their modeling, and estimate the extremity of current events.
Here we provide the dataset for COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors. The dataset contains soil moisture data from 65 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) in Europe. The CRNS stations cover all major land use types and climate zones within Europe. Raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 23 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for conversion to soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, information on data uncertainty was added to the dataset, which is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This harmonized European soil moisture dataset will help both the hydrological and climatic communities to study individual drought events, understand their causes, evaluate and improve their modeling, and estimate the extremity of current events.
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