Das Projekt "Root distribution and dynamics and their contribution to subsoil C-fluxes" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Ökosystemforschung.It has been suggested that dying and decaying fine roots and root exudation represent important, if not the most important, sources of soil organic carbon (SOC) in forest soils. This may be especially true for deep-reaching roots in the subsoil, but precise data to prove this assumption are lacking. This subproject (1) examines the distribution and abundance of fine roots (greater than 2 mm diameter) and coarse roots (greater than 2 mm) in the subsoil to 240 cm depth of the three subsoil observatories in a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stand, (2) quantifies the turnover of beech fine roots by direct observation (mini-rhizotron approach), (3) measures the decomposition of dead fine root mass in different soil depths, and (4) quantifies root exudation and the N-uptake potential with novel techniques under in situ conditions with the aim (i) to quantify the C flux to the SOC pool upon root death in the subsoil, (ii) to obtain a quantitative estimate of root exudation in the subsoil, and (iii) to assess the uptake activity of fine roots in the subsoil as compared to roots in the topsoil. Key methods applied are (a) the microscopic distinction between live and dead fine root mass, (b) the estimation of fine and coarse root age by the 14C bomb approach and annual ring counting in roots, (c) the direct observation of the formation and disappearance of fine roots in rhizotron tubes by sequential root imaging (CI-600 system, CID) and the calculation of root turnover, (d) the measurement of root litter decomposition using litter bags under field and controlled laboratory conditions, (e) the estimation of root N-uptake capacity by exposing intact fine roots to 15NH4+ and 15NO3- solutions, and (f) the measurement of root exudation by exposing intact fine root branches to trap solutions in cuvettes in the field and analysing for carbohydrates and amino acids by HPLC and Py-FIMS (cooperation with Prof. A. Fischer, University of Trier). The obtained data will be analysed for differences in root abundance and activity between subsoil (100-200 cm) and topsoil (0-20 cm) and will be related to soil chemical and soil biological data collected by the partner projects that may control root turnover and exudation in the subsoil. In a supplementary study, fine root biomass distribution and root turnover will also be studied at the four additional beech sites for examining root-borne C fluxes in the subsoil of beech forests under contrasting soil conditions of different geological substrates (Triassic limestone and sandstone, Quaternary sand and loess deposits).
Das Projekt "Biogenic formation of non-extractable residues from pesticides in soil" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Umweltbiotechnologie.During microbial turnover of organic chemicals in soil, non-extractable residues (NER) are formed frequently. Studies on NER formation usually performed with radioisotope labelled tracer compounds are limited to localisation and quantitative analyses but their chemical composition is left unknown. Recently, we could show for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and ibuprofen that during microbial turnover in soil nearly all NER were derived from microbial biomass, since degrading bacteria use the pollutant carbon for their biomass synthesis. Their cell debris is subsequently stabilised within soil organic matter (SOM) forming biogenic NER (bioNER). It is still unknown whether bioNER are also formed during biodegradation of other, structurally different compound classes of organic contaminants. Therefore, agricultural soil will be incubated with labelled compounds of five classes of commonly used and emerging pesticides: organophosphate, phenylurea, triazinone, benzothiadiazine and aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. The fate of the label will be monitored in both living and non-living SOM pools and the formation of bioNER will be quantified for each compound over extended periods of time. In addition, soil samples from long-term lysimeter studies with 14C-labelled pesticide residues (e.g. triazine, benzothiazole and phenoxypropionic acid group) will be also analysed for bioNER formation. The results will be summarised to identify the metabolic conditions of microorganisms needed for bioNER formation and to develop an extended concept of risk assessment including bioNER formation in soils.
Das Projekt "Indonesian Throughflow variability on sub-orbital timescales during Marine Isotopes Stages (MIS) 2 and 3" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Angewandte Geophysik.This project will provide quantitative estimates of the flow of low-salinity warm water through the Indonesian Gateway on suborbital timescales during MIS 2 and 3 (focusing on Dansgaard Oeschger (D-O) oscillations) and will assess the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) s impact on the hydrography of the eastern Indian Ocean and global thermohaline circulation during this critical interval of high climate variability. ITF fluctuations, associated with sea level change, temperature and salinity variations in the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) strongly influence precipitation over Australia, the strength of the southeast-Asian summer monsoon, and the intensity of warm meridional currents in the Indian Ocean. We will test the hypothesis that increased ITF is associated with warm interstadials of MIS 3, whereas a strong reduction in ITF occurred during stadials. We will use as main proxies planktonic and benthic foraminiferal isotopes in conjunction with Mg/Ca temperature estimates and radiogenic isotopes (mainly Nd) as tracers of Pacific water masses along depth transects in the Timor Passage and the eastern Indian Ocean. This project will provide the paleoceanographic framework that will be crucial to validate and refine circulation models of D-O events and high-frequency climate variability on a global scale.
Das Projekt "Origin and fate of dissolved organic matter in the subsoil" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde.Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.
Das Projekt "Bioökonomie International 2020: FiSBea - Grenzen von Sojabohnen-Anbausystemen in Mitteleuropa: Nutzung von pflanzenwachstumsfördernden Rhizobakterien für eine stabile und ressourcenschonende Produktion" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Direktorat des Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V..
Das Projekt "Forschungsgruppe (FOR) 2694: Large-Scale and High-Resolution Mapping of Soil Moisture on Field and Catchment Scales - Boosted by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons, Koordinationsfonds" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Potsdam, Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie, Arbeitsgruppe Wasser- und Stofftransport in Landschaften.
Das Projekt "ACTRIS-D National Facilities, Phase 1, Teilprojekt 8 (BUW-NF): Implementierung der BUW National Facility" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Wuppertal, Fachgruppe Physik, Institut für Atmosphären- und Umweltforschung.
Das Projekt "Redox processes along gradients" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie, Limnologische Forschungsstation.The relevance of biogeochemical gradients for turnover of organic matter and contaminants is yet poorly understood. This study aims at the identification and quantification of the interaction of different redox processes along gradients. The interaction of iron-, and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis will be studied in controlled batch and column experiments. Factors constraining the accessibility and the energy yield from the use of these electron acceptors will be evaluated, such as passivation of iron oxides, re-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on iron oxides. The impact of these constraints on the competitiveness of the particular process will then be described. Special focus will be put on the evolution of methanogenic conditions in systems formerly characterized by iron and sulfate reducing condition. As methanogenic conditions mostly evolve from micro-niches, methods to study the existence, evolution and stability of such micro-niches will be established. To this end, a combination of Gibbs free energy calculations, isotope fractionation and tracer measurements, and mass balances of metabolic intermediates (small pool sizes) and end products (large pool sizes) will be used. Measurements of these parameters on different scales using microelectrodes (mm scale), micro sampling devices for solutes and gases (cm scale) and mass flow balancing (column/reactor scale) will be compared to characterize unit volumes for organic matter degradation pathways and electron flow. Of particular interest will be the impact of redox active humic substances on the competitiveness of involved terminal electron accepting processes, either acting as electron shuttles or directly providing electron accepting capacity. This will be studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the gained spectra. We expect that the results will provide a basis for improving reactive transport models of anaerobic processes in aquifers and sediments.
Das Projekt "The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on gross nitrogen dynamics, plant N-uptake and microbial community dynamics in a permanent grassland" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Gießen, Institut für Pflanzenökologie (Botanik II).To predict ecosystem reactions to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) it is essential to understandthe interactions between plant carbon input, microbial community composition and activity and associated nutrient dynamics. Long-term observations (greater than 13 years) within the Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (Giessen FACE) study on permanent grassland showed next to an enhanced biomass production an unexpected strong positive feedback effect on ecosystem respiration and nitrous oxide (N2O) production. The overall goal of this study is to understand the long-term effects of eCO2 and carbon input on microbial community composition and activity as well as the associated nitrogen dynamics, N2O production and plant N uptake in the Giessen FACE study on permanent grassland. A combination of 13CO2 pulse labelling with 15N tracing of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- will be carried out in situ. Different fractions of soil organic matter (recalcitrant, labile SOM) and the various mineral N pools in the soil (NH4+, NO3-, NO2-), gross N transformation rates, pool size dependent N2O and N2 emissions as well as N species dependent plant N uptake rates and the origin of the CO2 respiration will be quantified. Microbial analyses will include exploring changes in the composition of microbial communities involved in the turnover of NH4+, NO3-, N2O and N2, i.e. ammonia oxidizing, denitrifying, and microbial communities involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA). Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) and mRNA based analyses will be employed to comparably evaluate the long-term effects of eCO2 on the structure and abundance of these communities, while transcripts of these genes will be used to target the fractions of the communities which actively contribute to N transformations.
Das Projekt "Forschungsgruppe (FOR) 2694: Large-Scale and High-Resolution Mapping of Soil Moisture on Field and Catchment Scales - Boosted by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons, Erfassung von Vegetation und anderen zeit-variablen Wasserstoffpools an der Landoberfläche" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Bio-und Geowissenschaften (IBG), IBG-3 Agrosphäre.Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass andere Wasserstoffpools neben Bodenfeuchte die Neutronenzählrate von 'cosmic-ray neutron sensing' (CRNS) Detektoren beeinflussen. Bisher wurden diese zusätzlichen Pools meist als störende Einflüsse betrachtet, die korrigiert werden müssen. Dafür wurden verschiedene Ansätze zur Korrektur von Wasserstoff entwickelt, welcher zum Beispiel im Kristallwasser, in der organischen Substanz des Bodens, in der Atmosphäre oder in der Biomasse gespeichert ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass solche Korrekturen wesentlich sind, um die Genauigkeit der mit CRNS erhaltenen SWC-Schätzungen zu verbessern. Aktuelle Publikationen zeigen, dass das Verhältnis von thermalen zu schnellen Neutronen (Nr) zur Schätzung von Biomasse genutzt werde kann und außerdem Informationen zu zeit-variablen Wasserstoffpools enthält. Beides soll im Rahmen des Forschungsmoduls VG untersucht werden. Das Projekt verfolgt zwei Hauptziele. Zunächst wollen wir universell gültige Methoden zur Korrektur von CRNS-basierten Bodenfeuchtemessungen für den Einfluss von zeit-variablen Wasserstoffpools wie Biomasse und Interzeption entwickeln. Dazu werden empirische Funktionen basierend auf zusätzlichen Messungen, wie Pflanzenparametern und Throughfall, getestet und kalibriert. Diese Messungen werden mit einem gekoppelten Boden-Vegetations-Modell integriert, das außerdem die Simulation des Interzeptionsspeichers ermöglicht. Zweitens, wollen wir Methoden entwickeln, um die Wasserstoffpools direkt aus dem CRNS-Signal - ohne zusätzliche Messungen und Kalibrierung - zu schätzen. Dazu werden wir die Verwendung des Nr untersuchen. Unter Verwendung geeigneter Neutronenenergie-Korrekturen werden wir verbesserte thermale und epithermale Neutronen-Signale erhalten, was eine bessere Untersuchung von Biomasse- und Interzeptionseffekten auf das Nr-Signal ermöglicht. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, werden wir drei Arten von Feldexperimenten durchführen: a) dedizierte kontinuierliche Experimente an repräsentativen landwirtschaftlichen Standorten, b) Feldmesskampagnen einer Vielzahl von Feldern mit verschiedenen Nutzpflanzen mit dem Jülich Cosmic Rover und c) Analyse von Neutronen- und Biomassedaten aus dem bestehenden TERENO CRNS-Netzwerk. Die Messungen im Rahmen der Feldexperimente werden durch bodenhydrologische Modellierungen ergänzt, um Referenzinformationen mit verbesserter räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung zu erhalten (z.B. vertikale Verteilung von Bodenfeuchte im Profil; Auftreten von Stauwasser auf der Bodenoberfläche).Das Forschungsmodul VG wird gemessene Vegetationsparameter für die gemeinsamen Feldkampagnen (JFC) liefern, die insbesondere von RV, MC, HG und RS benötigt werden. In Zusammenarbeit mit NS wird der Einfluss von Biomasse und Interzeption auf das Nr modelliert. Durch DD verbesserte CRNS-Sensoren, werden für eine verbesserte Quantifizierung der Interzeption verwendet.
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