Das Forschungsschiff Polarstern des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts für Polar- und Meeresforschung hat die erste Antarktissaison im Internationalen Polarjahr erfolgreich abgeschlossen. 58 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus zehn Ländern waren vom 6. Februar bis 16. April 2008 an Bord des Forschungsschiffs im Südlichen Ozean unterwegs. Das erste Ergebnis dieser Expedition: Die Tiefsee der Antarktis wird nach jahrelanger Erwärmung wieder kälter. Dadurch könnten die Umwälzbewegungen der ozeanischen Wassermassen in Schwung gebracht werden. Gleichzeitig haben Satellitenaufnahmen die höchste Ausdehnung von Meereis im antarktischen Sommer seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen gezeigt. Ob der kalte antarktische Sommer einen neuen Trend einleitet oder nur ein Ausrutscher war, wird mittels autonomer Messbojen in den nächsten Jahren weiter untersucht.
Messdaten zur Überwachung der Radioaktivität in der Umwelt, in Lebens- und Futtermitteln
Main target of the project GIGICS (Cooperative German-Indonesian Geoscientific Investigations in the Celebes Sea) is the investigation of the internal crustal structure and the plate tectonic evolution of the Celebes Sea and its active continental margins off Mindanao and Northern Sulawesi. These investigations were carried out during the cruise SO98 of RV SONNE by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover; the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam; the GEOMAR, Kiel; the Institute of Oceanography (IfM), Hamburg; the Mines and Geoscience Bureau, Manila; the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta, and the Institute of Oceanography, Wormley. The cruise SO98 consisted of three legs of two weeks duration and one leg of four weeks duration. The total amount of data acquired during the cruise were: - 3,300 km of multichannel reflection seismics, - over 6,800 km of gravimetric and magnetic data and approximately 10.000 km of swath bathymetric and sediment echosounder data, - 3 wideangle-/refractionseismic profiles, each of 120 - 150 km length, - geological, geochemical sampling and oceanographical measurements at a total of 37 stations. During the cruise SO98 a widespaced but regular grid of magnetic and gravimetric profiles were acquired in the eastern part of the Celebes Sea from which up to then reliable data were very sparse. WEISSEL (1980) recognized in the western Celebes Sea WSW-ENE striking magnetic lineations, which he interpreted as chrons 18 - 20 (39 - 43 Ma according to the timescale of HARLAND et al. (1990)). The data from cruise SO98 show that there is no continuation of these anomalies to the east. In the eastern part the magnetic field of the Celebes Sea is less clear and much more disturbed. Nevertheless, E-W-striking anomalies are recognizable. Because amplitudes of local magnetic anomalies are higher than the lineations, the correlation of these lineations with the magnetic reversal scale is still somewhat ambiguous. The gravity map compiled from the measured gravimetric data shows elongated positive anomalies in the eastern part of the Celebes Sea. Exceptions occur at the deep sea trenches off North Sulawesi (North Sulawesi Trench) and Mindanao (Cotabatu Trench) and at the Sulu Archipelago where strong negative gravity anomalies were found. A remarkable NW-striking gravity high of up to 60 mgal was found in the central eastern part of the Celebes Sea. Gravimetric modelling suggests that this high can be correlated with the gravimetric effect of the Molucca Sea Plate subducting from the east under the Sangihe Arc. The reflection seismic data from the northern part of the Celebes Sea show indications for a juvenile subduction of oceanic Celebes Sea crust under the Sulu Archipelago. The oceanic crust bends down towards the Sulu Arc with angles between 2° and 5° and the sedimentary sequence above is deformed indicating a compressional stress regime. With the exception of two linear arranged seamount-like basement highs the Celebes Sea is dominated by two different oceanic crustal types showing distinct differences in the topography. The first one is showing a very similar reflection seismic pattern as it is found for oceanic crust of the Atlantic (HINZ et al., 1994). This type is characterized by a small-scale block-faulted relief of the top basement and a low reflectivity in lower crustal levels typically related as to be accreted at slow to intermediate spreading ridges. This type is found in the western, northern and southern part of the investigated area. In the eastern and especially in the southeastern part the igneous crust shows a very different image. The reflection of the top of the basement is less distinct and of lower frequency. The relief is very much smoother than in the previous type. This reflection seismic image indicates a volcanic/magmatic overprinting of the oceanic crust in this part of the Celebes Sea. Another target of cruise SO98 was the area of the active continental margin off North Sulawesi and its accretionary complex. The internal structure of the accretionary complex should be investigated to decide whether this active margin is also of the 'splinter-type' or not. During former geophysical cruises with RV SONNE oceanic crustal splinters were discovered in the accretionary wedges of the Sulu Sea and off Costa Rica (e.g. HINZ et al., 1991). From our reflection seismic measurements this active continental margin is morphologically subdivided into three units and consists of two accretionary complexes of different internal structural style: the lower and middle continental slope is underlain by an intensively thrusted, sedimentary accretionary wedge. This wedge was most probably formed during the last 5 Ma. Landward of this wedge an older and seismically very complex accretionary unit is present which is overlain at its landward termination by a sedimentary fore-arc basin. Within this older accretionary complex, units with a strong, low frequency reflection pattern were found which are interpreted to represent crustal splinters of igneous oceanic or ophiolitic nature. This interpretation is supported by our gravity and magnetic data. The magnetic profiles show an increase of the magnetic field towards the north arm of Sulawesi across the continental margin. This increase of the magnetic field suggests an increase of magnetized material within the older accretionary wedge towards the northern arm of Sulawesi where ophiolites are emplaced. During the interpretation of the reflection seismic data of the project GIGICS BSR's (bottom simulating reflectors) were discovered for the first time along the active continental margin of North-Sulawesi. BSR's are the seismic expression of a velocity decrease at the bottom of a gas hydrate zone. The distribution and depth of the BSR's correlates with the geochemical and geothermal results. Radiometric age dating and geochemical analyses from pillow basalts of a seamount from the southeastern Celebes Sea indicate hot-spot activity in this part of the Celebes Sea during or shortly after the formation of the oceanic crust approximately at 43 Ma ago. Three NW-striking ridges or seamount-chains in the northeastern Celebes Sea were mapped and investigated in detail. They are thought to represent a wrench fault system extending through the northeastern Celebes Sea. At the flank of one of these ridges a strongly alterated plagioclase-olivine basalt sample was dredged which was overlain by non-fossiliferous clay stone. A similar lithostratigraphic sequence was drilled during ODP leg 124 (RANGIN et al., 1990). The geochemical composition of these basalts is different from typical MORB. The existence of a large crustal splinter within the accretionary wedge off southwestern Mindanao obviously is responsible for a high thermal conductivity which in turn could have enhanced heat flow (108.1 mW/m2) and methanogenesis (405 ppb). The heat flow of 103.0 mW/m2 at the deformation front of the Mindanao wedge and the high methane concentration of 5.555 ppb suggests tectonically induced fluid transport within the wedge. High methane concentrations between 8.044 and 49.006 ppb at the lower slope off Sulawesi and in the North Sulawesi Trench are accompanied by high heat flow values of up to 100.5 mW/m2. Heat flow is significantly lower upslope (31.3 mW/m2). This general heat flow distribution pattern is seen over a large portion of the accretionary wedge. The elevated heat flow values and high methane concentrations near the deformation front most likely result from heat transport by fluids squeezed out from vertically and laterally compacting sediments. The reduced heat flow towards the coast is compatible either with a cooling effect of slow subduction of the oceanic crust, or stacking of cool slabs of compacted sediments. A subduction of oceanic crust with a heat flow around 60 mW/m2 over a period of more than 3 million years would have produced the low heat flow values of the upper slope if the wedge consists of claystone with a low thermal conductivity (1.2 - 1.7 W/mK). Even in the low-heat flow area isolated fluid venting is possible. Lateral variations in the heat flow pattern (e.g. broadening of the anomalies in the west) may be due to different thermal regimes within the subducted crust.
The expedition PS155/1 started on August 5th, 2018 in Tromsø (Norway) and ended in Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen) on September 3rd, 2018. In the course of BGR’s GREENMATE project the geological development of the European North Atlantic and the northern and north eastern Greenland shelf was analyzed using various marine geophysical methods (seismics, magnetics, gravity, heatflow measurements) and geological sampling (gravity corer, box corer, multi-corer, dredge). Sampling of marine Shelf sediments was undertaken in close correspondence with co-users from Geomar (add-on project ECHONEG), aiming to reconstruct Holocene paleo environmental and climatic evolution. Using the ship’s helicopters, marine sampling was complemented by onshore sampling operations to extract geological material at selected near coastal locations. Other scientific project groups used the cruise PS115.1 as an opportunity to quantify marine mammals and sea birds and their statistical distribution in our research area as part of the long-term project (add-on project Birds& Mammals) and to gather additional meteorological data via radiosondes (add-on Project YOPP). Against all expectations, outstanding ice conditions along the northern coast of Greenland enabled us to carry out reflection seismic surveys north of 84°N at the southern tip of Morris Jesup Rise with a 3 km long streamer. Structural data of this particular region of North Greenland is of special importance for BGR’s project GREENMATE for reconstructing the continental margin evolution. A 100 km long refraction seismic profile was measured to complement the reflection seismic data. After completing this, scientific work was concentrated on the northeastern Greenland shelf area between 76°N and 82.5°N. Over the time of the cruise a total of 2500 km of reflection seismic profiles (2250 km measured with 3km streamer length) and 100 km of refraction seismic profile (using nine ocean bottom seismometers) were measured, accompanied by gravity and magnetic surveys and seven heat flow measurement stations. Along the shelf and deep-sea area 21 geological sampling sites were chosen, with all together one dredge (around 200 kg of sample), 16 gravity cores (total core length 65 m), 12 box corers and 6 multi-corer stations. Onshore sediment sampling was done at 11 sampling sites. Beside sediment sampling hard rock from near coastal outcrops was collected in a total amount of 250 kg that will be used for age dating. The entire science program was carried out under consideration of the highest ecological standards to protect marine mammals and to meet all environmental requirements of the permitting authorities. In addition to external marine mammal observers (MMO) various acoustic monitoring systems and AWI’s on board infrared detection system AIMMS monitored any activity of marine mammals in the ships perimeter, especially during seismic operations.
During leg 3 of cruise SO81, starting in Caldera/Costa Rica at September 15th and ending in Balboa/Panama at September 28th, 1992, the first 48-channel seismic survey was carried out in the Hess Deep area as a German contribution of pre-site investigations for Leg 147 of the Ocean Drilling Programme. ODP Leg 147 is designed to drill the crust-mantle transition. During leg SO81/3 the BGR collected 662 km of seismic data and in addition gravity and hydroacoustic measurements were carried out. Profile SO81-HD001 runs W-E from and to 1 Ma old oceanic crust across the East Pacific Rise. The profiles SO81-HD002 to SO81-HD007 are located in the proper Hess Deep area passing onto the proposed drill sites. Preliminary on-board evaluation of the seismic monitor records gives a lot of interesting intracrustal reflection events which deserve more elaborate examination after proper processing of the seismic data.
Innerhalb von zehn Jahren ist die Verschmutzung an einem Messpunkt in der arktischen Tiefsee um mehr als das 20-fache gestiegen. Dies ergab eine Studie des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), die im Februar 2017 in der Fachzeitschrift Deep-Sea Research I veröffentlicht wurde. Seit 2002 dokumentieren AWI-Wissenschaftler den Müll an zwei Messpunkten im sogenannten AWI-Hausgarten. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Tiefsee-Observatorium, das aus 21 Messstationen in der Framstraße zwischen Grönland und Spitzbergen besteht. Die Wissenschaftler haben an den beiden Messpunkten den Meeresgrund in einer Tiefe von 2500 Metern beobachtet. Dafür nutzten sie das ferngesteuerte Kamera-System OFOS (Ocean Floor Observation System). Seit Beginn der Messung haben sie auf insgesamt 7058 Fotos 89 Müllteile entdeckt. Da sie mit den Kameras nur ein relativ kleines Gebiet beobachten können, haben die Wissenschaftler die Mülldichte auf eine größere Fläche hochgerechnet. So kommen sie in dem Untersuchungszeitraum von 2002 bis 2014 auf einen Durchschnittswert von 3485 Müllteilen pro Quadratkilometer. Unter den fotografierten Müllteilen konnten vor allem Plastik und Glas ausmacht werden. Glas driftet nicht über größere Distanzen, sondern sinkt sofort an Ort und Stelle auf den Meeresgrund. Die Messreihe zeigt entsprechend, dass die Mülldichte in der arktischen Tiefsee mit der Intensivität der Schifffahrt in der Region zunimmt. Über die genaue Herkunft des Plastikmülls lässt sich dagegen kaum etwas sagen. Denn meist hat das Plastik schon eine weite Reise hinter sich, bevor es den tiefen Meeresgrund erreicht.
Ein internationales Forscherteam untersuchte erstmals großflächig die europäischen Meere auf Müll. Die Ergebnisse erschienen am 30. April 2014 im Online-Fachblatt PLOS ONE. Mit Hilfe von Grundschleppnetzen, Videoaufzeichnungen und Fotos wurde das Müllvorkommen in 32 verschiedenen Meeresgebieten im Nordost-Atlantik, im Arktischen Ozean und im Mittelmeer erforscht. Einige stammten aus flachen Gewässern in Küstennähe, andere aus einer Tiefe von über 4500 Metern. Erstmalig wurde in einer Studie zum Thema Müll im Meer eine so große Bandbreite verschiedener Lebensräume abgedeckt. Müll fand sich überall: in Küstennähe, am Kontinentalsockel, an Unterwassergebirgen bis hinab in die Tiefsee. Die größten Mengen entdeckten die Forscher in der Nähe dicht besiedelter Ballungsräume und in Tiefseegräben. Zu den Fundstücken gehören Fischereigeräte und -netze, Glasflaschen, Metall. In knapp der Hälfte aller Videoaufnahmen und in fast allen Schleppnetzproben entdeckten die Wissenschaftler Kunststoff. Der Plastikabfall ist schon bis in die Hohen Breiten der Arktis vorgedrungen. Die Studie entstand unter der Leitung der Universität der Azoren und ist ein Ergebnis des EU-geförderten Forschungsprojektes HERMIONE.
Am 19. Juli 2012 legte die Europäische Kommission einen Vorschlag zur Neuregelung der Tiefseefischerei vor. Danach soll der Einsatz von Grundschleppnetzen und Stellnetzen ab 1000 Meter Wassertiefe in sämtlichen EU-Gewässern und der Hohen See des Nordost-Atlantik untersagt werden. Für bestimmte Fischereien soll das Verbot bereits ab 500 Meter Tiefe gelten. Der Kommissionsvorschlag bezieht sich auf 50 kommerziell genutzte Fischarten und sieht eine Übergangsfrist von zwei Jahren vor.
Wissenschaftler des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) haben in einer Studie erstmals gezeigt, dass sich die Ozeanversauerung negativ auf die Kieselalgen im Südpolarmeer auswirken könnte. Bei Laborversuchen konnten sie beobachten, dass die Kieselalgen bei wechselnden Lichtbedingungen im saureren Wasser deutlich schlechter wachsen. Damit widerlegt das Team um Dr. Clara Hoppe die bisher vorherrschende Annahme, der sinkende pH-Wert würde das Wachstum dieser einzelligen Algen ankurbeln. „Kieselalgen spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Klimasystem der Erde. Sie nehmen große Mengen Kohlendioxid auf, binden diese und transportieren einen Teil anschließend in die Tiefsee. Einmal in der Tiefsee angekommen wird das Treibhausgas dort für Jahrhunderte gespeichert“, erläutert Dr. Clara Hoppe, Biologin am AWI und Erstautorin der Studie. Sie erscheint am 24. Februar 2015 mit dem Originaltitel „Ocean Acidification decreases the light-use efficiency in an Antarctic diatom under dynamic but not constant light“ im Fachmagazin New Phytologist.
Die 15 Mitgliedstaaten des Oslo-Paris-Abkommens (OSPAR)stellten auf ihrer Konferenz vom 25. bis 29. Juni in Bonn die Tiefsee des Atlantiks unter erweiterten Schutz. Zusätzliche 180.000 Quadratkilometer über dem nördlichen Mittelatlantischen Rücken, einer unterseeischen Bergkette, die sich von Island bis zu den Azoren erstreckt, wurden als Meeresschutzgebiet ausgewiesen.
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