technologyComment of air separation, cryogenic (RER): The main components of air are nitrogen and oxygen, but it also contains smaller amounts of water vapour, argon, carbon dioxide and very small amounts of other gases (e.g. noble gases). The purification and liquefaction of various components of air, in particular oxygen, nitrogen and argon, is an important industrial process, and it is called cryogenic air separation. Cryogenic distillation accounts for approximately 85% of nitrogen and over 95% of oxygen production. It is the preferred supply mode for high volume and high purity requirements (Praxair 2002). Cryogenic air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products (Smith & Klosek 2001). Besides the air needed as a resource the major input for the liquefying process is the electricity to compress the inlet air, which normally comprises 95% of the utility costs of a cryogenic air separation plant. In some plants the amount of processed air (in Nm3) can be up to 5 times larger than the derived liquid products (Cryogenmash 2001). In these plants, the waste gas stream is naturally also much larger (in order to obtain the mass balance). As output of the cryogenic air separation there are three products: liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid crude argon. The assumed process includes no gaseous co-products. In reality gaseous products are also processed if there is a demand at the production site. The investigated cryogenic air separation process leads to liquid products in the following quality: - Liquid oxygen: min. 99.6 wt-% - Liquid nitrogen: min. 99.9995 wt-% - Liquid argon, crude: 96-98 wt-% An air pre-treatment section downstream of the air compression (0.7 MPa) and after cooling removes process contaminants, including water, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. The air is then cooled to cryogenic temperatures and distilled into oxygen, nitrogen, and, optionally, argon streams. Alternate compressing and expanding the recycled air can liquefy most of it. Numerous configurations of heat exchange and distillation equipment can separate air into the required product streams. These process alternatives are selected based on the purity and number of product streams, required trade-offs between capital costs and power consumption, and the degree of integration between the air separate unit and other facility units. This process requires very complicated heat integration techniques because the only heat sink for cooling or condensation is another cryogenic stream in the process. Since the boiling point of argon is between that of oxygen and nitrogen, it acts as an impurity in the product streams. If argon were collected and separated from the oxygen product, an oxygen purity of less than 95% by volume would result (Barron & Randall 1985). On the other hand, if argon were collected with the nitrogen product, the purity of nitrogen would not exceed 98.7% by volume. To achieve higher purities of oxygen and nitrogen the elimination of argon is necessary. Commercial argon is the product of cryogenic air separation, where liquefaction and distillation processes are used to produce a low-purity crude argon product. Praxair (2002) Gases > Nitrogen > Production of Nitrogen. Praxair Technology Inc. 2002. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.praxair.com Smith A. R. and Klosek J. (2001) A Review of Air Separation Technologies and their Integration with Energy Conversion Processes. In: Fuel Processing Technology, 70(2), pp. 115-134. Barron and Randall F. (1985) Cryogenic Systems. 2 Edition. Oxford University Press, New York Cryogenmash (2001) KxAxApx Type Double-Pressure Air Separation Plants. Gen-eral Data. Cryogenic Industries, Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.cryogenmash.ru/production/vru/vru_kgag2_e.htm imageUrlTagReplaceb1f86554-243f-4c79-b3a2-e6a9efa3a7ef
Schulze, Tobias; Ricking, Mathias; Schröter-Kermani, Christa; Körner, Andrea; Denner, Hans-Dietrich; Weinfurtner, Karlheinz; Winkler, Andreas; Pekdeger, Asaf Journal of Soils and Sediments 7 (2007), 6, 361-367 Goal, Scope and Background. The European Water Framework Directive implies a risk based sediment management. In this approach sediments are recognised as secondary sources of contaminants, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) as the carrier. For that reason the concept of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) includes the establishment of these specimens. The ESB is characterised by a high quality assurance system of standard operation procedures (SOP) to preserve the integrity of the specimens under cryogenic conditions for transportation, storage and handling. The aim of this study was (1) the development and validation of SOPs for the collection of sediment and SPM, and (2) the adaptation and standardisation of sampling techniques for the ESB. This paper provides information about sediment and SPM as new specimens in the ESB. Methods. A redesigned freeze-coring device was tested and applied to collect unconsolidated sediments at the fresh water sampling sites of the German ESB. Liquid nitrogen was used as a cooling agent. Sediment cores were cut on site using a stainless steel saw or an angle grinder with a diamond blade, stored in stainless steel containers and transported to the depot of the ESB inside a nitrogen vapour freezer. SPM was collected using passive sedimentation boxes (SBs). The SBs were installed permanently in surface waters or monitoring stations. Sampling of SPM was performed monthly and the SPM was subsequently frozen on site, stored in stainless steel containers and transported to the depot of the ESB in a nitrogen vapour freezer. At two locations the comparability of this method with sampling using a continuous-flow centrifuge Padberg Z61 was investigated. Results and Discussion. The sediments at almost all fluvial sampling sites of the ESB are sapropel or Gyttja type. The use of a freeze-coring device allowed sampling of these unconsolidated sediments under the conditions of ESB. The device was not applicable at two locations due to tidal influence and fine-grained sediments, respectively due to the depth in case of Lake Belau (~28 m). In these cases piston corers were used for sediment sampling. The collection of time-integrated SPM samples using SBs achieves the approach of the ESB. In comparison, the Padberg Z61 provides only samples, which are representative for the short collection period of 8-10 h (snapshot). A shortcoming of SBs is a possible alteration of SPM during the sampling period of about 4 weeks. However, alteration of the samples is not as evident as shorter collection periods and usage of a Padberg Z61 causes technical and economic difficulties. Conclusions. The modified freeze-coring device and the sedimentation boxes are applicable for the collection of sediment and SPM samples within the framework of the ESB. The chosen sampling and handling techniques attain the requirements of the ESB. Consequently, routine collection and storage of sediment cores and SPM started in 2005. According to our knowledge, the German ESB is the first of all specimen banks worldwide that routinely collects and stores SPM and that applies in situ freeze-coring to collect sediment cores. Perspectives. The collection and storage of sediments and SPM as new specimens in the ESB enhances the possibilities to control the efficacy of the European Water Framework Directive, REACh, and similar regulations and to take further action. doi: 10.1065/jss2007.08.24
technologyComment of air separation, cryogenic (RER): The main components of air are nitrogen and oxygen, but it also contains smaller amounts of water vapour, argon, carbon dioxide and very small amounts of other gases (e.g. noble gases). The purification and liquefaction of various components of air, in particular oxygen, nitrogen and argon, is an important industrial process, and it is called cryogenic air separation. Cryogenic distillation accounts for approximately 85% of nitrogen and over 95% of oxygen production. It is the preferred supply mode for high volume and high purity requirements (Praxair 2002). Cryogenic air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products (Smith & Klosek 2001). Besides the air needed as a resource the major input for the liquefying process is the electricity to compress the inlet air, which normally comprises 95% of the utility costs of a cryogenic air separation plant. In some plants the amount of processed air (in Nm3) can be up to 5 times larger than the derived liquid products (Cryogenmash 2001). In these plants, the waste gas stream is naturally also much larger (in order to obtain the mass balance). As output of the cryogenic air separation there are three products: liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid crude argon. The assumed process includes no gaseous co-products. In reality gaseous products are also processed if there is a demand at the production site. The investigated cryogenic air separation process leads to liquid products in the following quality: - Liquid oxygen: min. 99.6 wt-% - Liquid nitrogen: min. 99.9995 wt-% - Liquid argon, crude: 96-98 wt-% An air pre-treatment section downstream of the air compression (0.7 MPa) and after cooling removes process contaminants, including water, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. The air is then cooled to cryogenic temperatures and distilled into oxygen, nitrogen, and, optionally, argon streams. Alternate compressing and expanding the recycled air can liquefy most of it. Numerous configurations of heat exchange and distillation equipment can separate air into the required product streams. These process alternatives are selected based on the purity and number of product streams, required trade-offs between capital costs and power consumption, and the degree of integration between the air separate unit and other facility units. This process requires very complicated heat integration techniques because the only heat sink for cooling or condensation is another cryogenic stream in the process. Since the boiling point of argon is between that of oxygen and nitrogen, it acts as an impurity in the product streams. If argon were collected and separated from the oxygen product, an oxygen purity of less than 95% by volume would result (Barron & Randall 1985). On the other hand, if argon were collected with the nitrogen product, the purity of nitrogen would not exceed 98.7% by volume. To achieve higher purities of oxygen and nitrogen the elimination of argon is necessary. Commercial argon is the product of cryogenic air separation, where liquefaction and distillation processes are used to produce a low-purity crude argon product. Praxair (2002) Gases > Nitrogen > Production of Nitrogen. Praxair Technology Inc. 2002. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.praxair.com Smith A. R. and Klosek J. (2001) A Review of Air Separation Technologies and their Integration with Energy Conversion Processes. In: Fuel Processing Technology, 70(2), pp. 115-134. Barron and Randall F. (1985) Cryogenic Systems. 2 Edition. Oxford University Press, New York Cryogenmash (2001) KxAxApx Type Double-Pressure Air Separation Plants. Gen-eral Data. Cryogenic Industries, Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.cryogenmash.ru/production/vru/vru_kgag2_e.htm imageUrlTagReplaceb1f86554-243f-4c79-b3a2-e6a9efa3a7ef
Background The trophic magnification factor (TMF) is a metric that describes the average trophic magnification of a chemical through a food web. TMFs may be used for the risk assessment of chemicals, although TMFs for single compounds can vary considerably between studies despite thorough guidance available in the literature to eliminate potential sources of error. The practical realization of a TMF investigation is quite complex and often only a few chemicals can be investigated due to low sample masses. This study evaluated whether a pragmatic approach involving the large-scale cryogenic sample preparation practices of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is feasible. This approach could provide sufficient sample masses for a reduced set of samples allowing screenings for a broad spectrum of substances and by that enabling a systematic comparison of derived TMFs. Furthermore, it was assessed whether plausible TMFs can be derived with the â€ÌFood web on iceâ€Ì approach via a comparison with literature TMF values. Results This investigation at Lake Templin near Potsdam is the first TMF study for a German freshwater ecosystem and aimed to derive TMFs that are appropriate for regulatory purposes. A set of 15 composite biota samples was obtained and analyzed for an extended set of benchmark chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants, mercury and perfluoroalkyl substances. TMFs were calculated for all substances that were present in†>†80% of the biota samples. For example, in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls, TMFs from 1.7 to 2.5 were determined and comparisons to literature TMFs determined in other freshwater ecosystems showed similarities. We showed that 32 out of 35 compounds analyzed had TMFs significantly above 1. In the remaining three cases, the correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusions The derived food web samples allow for an on-demand analysis and are ready-to-use for additional investigations. Since substances with non-lipophilic accumulation properties were also included in the list of analyzed substances, we conclude that the 'Food web on ice' provides samples which could be used to characterize the trophic magnification potential of substances with unknown bioaccumulation properties in the future which in return could be compared directly to the benchmarking patterns provided here. © The Author(s) 2021
Das Projekt "Entwicklung von Kryotechniken für die Zucht von Honigbienen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von AMP - Lab. Labor für Angewandte Molekulare Physiologie GmbH durchgeführt. Ziel ist die Schaffung von Methoden zur Dauerlagerung von Honigbienen-Sperma. Eine solche Methode wäre ein wertvolles Instrument, um die Krise der Bienenwirtschaft durch Zucht krankheitsresistenter Linien zu lindern. Natürliche Ressourcen würden mittelbar durch die Stützung der Bestäubung durch Bienen geschützt. Da zur Konservierung des Spermas neuartige Ansätze getestet werden, sind außerdem bedeutende Innovationen im Bereich der Lagerung auch anderer Zelltypen zu erhoffen. Das Projekt ist auf drei Jahre angelegt. Arbeitsplanung: Zunächst sollen Verfahren zur schnellen und zuverlässigen Bestimmung der Qualität von Drohnensperma entwickelt und validiert werden. Diese werden dann verwendet, um drei Ansätze zur Lagerung des Spermas zu erproben. Dabei handelt es sich um herkömmliches 'slow freezing' (Ausfrieren von Zellwasser durch kontrollierte Abkühlung), Kryoprotektiva-arme Vitrifikation (Überführung in einen glasähnlichen Zustand durch sehr rasche Abkühlung) und Lagerung unter anhydrobiotischen Verhältnissen (Unterbrechung der Lebensvorgänge durch Ersatz von Wasser durch zellstabilisierende Stoffe, die später wieder entfernt werden können). Speziell der letzte Ansatz ist völlig neuartig. Zur Ergebnisverwertung im Bienensektor ist mittelfristig die Erarbeitung eines Kits zur Spermalagerung für den Gebrauch durch Züchter geplant, längerfristig auch die Einrichtung einer Kryo-Bank für Zuchtzwecke und zum Erhalt der gefährdeten Biodiversität von Hautflüglern. Neben der Vermarktung des Kits für die Konservierung von Bienensperma besteht der größte Nutzen für den Industriepartner AMP-Lab in der möglichen Übertragung der Ergebnisse auf die Konservierung von Sperma anderer Nutztiere (Schwein und Geflügel) oder auf Stammzellen von Insekten (wichtig in der Grundlagenforschung) oder auch des Menschen (wichtig für autologe Stammzelltherapien).
Das Projekt "Entwicklung von Kryotechniken für die Zucht von Honigbienen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. durchgeführt. Ziel ist die Schaffung von Methoden zur Dauerlagerung von Honigbienen-Sperma. Eine solche Methode wäre ein wertvolles Instrument, um die Krise der Bienenwirtschaft durch Zucht krankheitsresistenter Linien zu lindern. Natürliche Ressourcen würden mittelbar durch die Stützung der Bestäubung durch Bienen geschützt. Da zur Konservierung des Spermas neuartige Ansätze getestet werden, sind außerdem bedeutende Innovationen im Bereich der Lagerung auch anderer Zelltypen zu erhoffen. Das Projekt ist auf drei Jahre angelegt. Zunächst sollen Verfahren zur schnellen und zuverlässigen Bestimmung der Qualität von Drohnensperma entwickelt und validiert werden. Diese werden dann verwendet, um drei Ansätze zur Lagerung des Spermas zu erproben. Dabei handelt es sich um herkömmliches 'slow freezing' (Ausfrieren von Zellwasser durch kontrollierte Abkühlung), Kryoprotektiva-arme Vitrifikation (Überführung in einen glasähnlichen Zustand durch sehr rasche Abkühlung) und Lagerung unter anhydrobiotischen Verhältnissen (Unterbrechung der Lebensvorgänge durch Ersatz von Wasser durch zellstabilisierende Stoffe, die später wieder entfernt werden können). Speziell der letzte Ansatz ist völlig neuartig. Zur Ergebnisverwertung im Bienensektor ist mittelfristig die Erarbeitung eines Kits zur Spermalagerung für den Gebrauch durch Züchter geplant, längerfristig auch die Einrichtung einer Kryo-Bank für Zuchtzwecke und zum Erhalt der gefährdeten Biodiversität von Hautflüglern. Neben der Vermarktung des Kits für die Konservierung von Bienensperma besteht der größte Nutzen für den Industriepartner AMP-Lab in der möglichen Übertragung der Ergebnisse auf die Konservierung von Sperma anderer Nutztiere (Schwein und Geflügel) oder auf Stammzellen von Insekten (wichtig in der Grundlagenforschung) oder auch des Menschen (wichtig für autologe Stammzelltherapien).
Das Projekt "Sub project: Permafrost history in Arctic Siberia - insights from the cryogenic weathering record at El'gygytgyn Crater, NE Siberia" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung - Institut AWI - Forschungsstelle Potsdam durchgeführt. I propose to determine climate variations expressed in variations of permafrost conditions in Arctic Siberia. Particularly I am interested in establishing a sedimentological method that allows estimating the degree of cryogenic weathering and palaeo soil temperatures through geologic time. My studies explore a lake sediment record from Elgygytgyn Crater lake, Arctic Siberia, spanning the last 300.000 years and representing the longest terrestrial palaeoclimate and -environment archive for the Arctic at present, permafrost sediments from the catchment spanning the last 14.000 years, and a set of surface samples representing modern conditions. I will study the following mineralogical properties in lake, permafrost, and surface sediments, which are considered to mirror long term periglacial dynamics in NE Siberia: (1) The ratio of quartz to feldspar in selected grain size fractions will be used as an indicator reflecting the degree of frost weathering. (2) Image analysis of scanning electron micrographs of particles will be performed to provide a quantification of quartz grain morphology and surface features stemming from frost weathering. (3) Heavy minerals will be used as provenance indicators to define changes in source rock composition and cryogenic detritus. The results prepare a fundamental tool that allows determining the intensity of permafrost conditions through Quaternary glacial cycles and estimating palaeo soil temperatures in the North Siberian Arctic. This is a conceptual outcome of future cores from ICDP funded deep drillings.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Permafrost history in Arctic Siberia - insights from the cryogenic weathering record at Elgygytgyn crater, NE Siberia" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung - Institut AWI - Forschungsstelle Potsdam durchgeführt. This proposal focusses on determining climate variations as expressed in variations of permafrost conditions in Arctic Siberia. Of particular interest is the establishment of a sedimentological method that allows estimating the degree of cryogenic weathering and palaeo soil temperatures through geologic time. The study explores a lake sediment record from Elgygytgyn crater lake, NE Siberia, spanning the last 300,000 years and currently representing the longest terrestrial palaeoclimate and -environment archive for the Arctic. Samples from short permafrost cores extracted in the catchment and spanning the last 14,000 years and a set of surface samples that represent modern conditions will be used as a reference. The following sediment-mineralogical properties, which are considered to mirror long term periglacial dynamics in NE Siberia, will be studied: (1) the ratio of quartz to feldspar in selected grain size fractions provides an indicator reflecting the degree of frost weathering; (2) image analysis of scanning electron micrographs of particles will be performed to yield a quantification of quartz grain morphology and surface features stemming from frost weathering; (3) heavy minerals will be used as provenance indicators to define changes in source rock composition and cryogenic detritus. The results prepare a fundamental tool that allows determining the intensity of permafrost conditions through Quaternary glacial cycles in the North Siberian Arctic. This is a conceptual outcome of future core studies from ICDP funded deep drillings.
Das Projekt "Teilvorhaben ILK Dresden: Kryoengineering und Aufbau der Kryotechnik" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Institut für Luft- und Kältetechnik gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH durchgeführt. DC-Hochstromtrassen sind in einem breiten Spektrum industrieller Anwendungen Kern der betrieblichen Infrastruktur mit Kapazitäten bis zu einigen 100 kA. Heute werden diese durch Kupfer- oder Aluminiumschienen großen Querschnitts realisiert. Die Minimierung der dabei anfallenden elektrischen Verluste ist vielfach erfolgskritisch für den Betrieb der Anlagen. Eine Minimierung der Querschnitte kann für industrielle Anwendungen ebenfalls Vorteile mit sich bringen. Ziel des Projektes sind Entwicklung und Bau einer entsprechenden DC-Trasse auf Basis von Supraleitern. Dabei soll in einer optimierten technischen Realisierung die Machbarkeit gezeigt sowie das Einsparungspotential dieser Technologie erfasst werden. Ziel des Projektes ist die Fertigung einer 20 m langen Demonstratorstrecke mit einem Nennstrom von 20 kA. Den Anwendungen entsprechend soll ein Teil der Strecke mit supraleitenden, der andere Teil mit normalleitenden Kupfer- und Aluminiumschienen realisiert werden. Entsprechend muss auch eine geeignete Verbindungstechnik entwickelt werden. In dieser Dimensionierung würde das Projekt bereits konkreten Anwendungsfällen entsprechen.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. durchgeführt. 1. Vorhabensziel: Mit dem Forschungsvorhaben soll das 'Network Formation Assay' (NFA), eine neue mikrochipbasierte in vitro Analyseplattform für die Untersuchung neurotoxischer Risiken durch Fremdstoffe, technologisch optimiert und systematisch vorvalidiert werden. Dabei wird angestrebt, den existierenden Ansatz in ein High-Throughput-Verfahren zu überführen. So sollen die technischen und wissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um den NFA als Ersatzmethode für Tierversuche bei den entsprechenden Stellen (ECVAM, ZEBET) validieren zu können. 2. Arbeitsplanung: Die Arbeitsplanung orientiert sich an vier Meilensteinen: Meilenstein 1: Etablierung von Mikrochips für primäre Mausneurone; Meilenstein 2: Etablierung von Mikrochips für stammzellabgeleitete Neurone; Meilenstein 3: Herstellung von haltbaren Mikrochips; Meilenstein 4: Demonstration des prädiktiven Werts des NFA mit bekannten Neurotoxinen. Dazu wird die notwendige Mikrodrucktechnik zur Herstellung der beschichteten Mikrochips kontinuierlich verbessert, das Chip-Layout und die Oberflächenbeschichtung der Mikrochips den Anforderungen der unterschiedlichen Zellsysteme angepasst, unterschiedliche Konservierungstechniken (z.B. Kyrotechnik) erprobt und in einer Serie von zellphysiologischen Experimenten wird der prädiktive Wert des optimierten NFA geprüft. In diesen Experimenten wird die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse durch die parallele Nutzung unterschiedlicher Zellsysteme sichergestellt.
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