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The iron-snow regime in Fe-FeS cores: a numerical and experimental approach

In the Earth, the dynamo action is strongly linked to core freezing. There is a solid inner core, the growth of which provides a buoyancy flux that drives the dynamo. The buoyancy in this case derives from a difference in composition between the solid inner core and the fluid outer core. In planetary bodies smaller than the Earth, however, this core differentiation process may differ - Fe may precipitate at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) rather than in the center and may fall as iron snow and initially remelt with greater depth. A chemical stable sedimentation zone develops that comprises with time the entire core - at that time a solid inner core starts to grow. The dynamics of this system is not well understood and also whether it can generate a magnetic field or not. The Jovian moon Ganymede, which shows a present-day magnetic dipole field, is a candidate for which such a scenario has been suggested. We plan to study this Fe-snow regime with both a numerical and experimental approach. In the numerical study, we use a 2D/3D thermo-chemical convection model that considers crystallization and sinking of iron crystals together with the dynamics of the liquid core phase (for the 3D case the influence of the rotation of the Fe snow process is further studied).The numerical calculations will be complemented by two series of experiments: (1) investigations in metal alloys by means of X-ray radioscopy, and (2) measurements in transparent analogues by optical techniques. The experiments will examine typical features of the iron snow regime. On the one hand they will serve as a tool to validate the numerical approach and on the other hand they will yield important insight into sub-processes of the iron snow regime, which cannot be accessed within the numerical approach due to their complexity.

Water isotope time series (March 2020 - March 2021) of samples collected in Kloster, Hiddensee

Time series of stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed in water samples taken near the harbour of Kloster (Hiddensee), in biweekly to monthly intervals between March 2020 and March 2021. Water was sampled with a pipette from ca. 0.5 m below water surface and directly transferred into a measurement vial. Isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. Water chemical parameters were measured in-situ with WTW multiparameter measurement devices. The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude at the sampled locations and about spatial variability along the transects.

Water isotope time series (March 2020 - March 2021) of samples collected along the Zingster Bodden chain

Time series of stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed in water samples collected at the Zingster Bodden chain in biweekly to monthly intervals between March 2020 and March 2021. Herefore, a Limnos sampler was used to obtain water from 0.5 to 1 m below surface. In the laboratory, a WTW 1970i conductivity meter and TetraCon 325 measuring cell were used to analyse electrical conductivity. Sub-samples were transferred into measurement vials before isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. Water chemical parameters were measured with regularly calibrated WTW multiparameter devices. The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude at the sampled locations and about spatial variability along the transects.

Water isotope values in shore samples collected in March and July 2020 from northeastern German lake systems

Water isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed in samples collected in lakes associated to major riverine systems in northeastern Germany throughout 2020. This sub-dataset is derived from water samples collected from lake shores. Samples were taken in March and July 2020 with a pipette from 40-60 cm depth below water surface and directly transferred into a measurement vial. Stable isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude in the sampled lakes and about spatial isotope variability in different branches of the associated riverine systems.

Börde Puten GmbH – Umnutzung der bestehenden Putenanlage in eine Hähnchenmastanlage am Standort Langenstein (Harz)

Die Börde Puten GmbH beabsichtigt am Standort Langenstein (Harz) die Umnutzung ihrer Putenfarm für die Haltung von Masthähnchen. Gegenwärtig ist die Anlage zur Haltung von 19.000 Truthühnern/Puten genehmigt. Aufgrund der gegebenen Marktsituation und -entwicklung beabsichtigt der Anlagenbetreiber zukünftig die Haltung von 83.950 Masthähn-chen in den drei Ställen, welche die bisher bestehende Haltung von Puten ersetzen soll. Die Ställe werden einseitig (jeweils Nordseite) mit Wintergärten (so genannte Kaltscharräume) ausgerüstet. Zusätzlich wird die Lüftungsanlage aller Ställe so ertüchtigt, dass die Ableitung der Stallabluft über firstverteilte Kamine erfolgt. Während des Mastzeitraumes der Masthühner wird ein Teil der Tiere im Vorfang (nach dem 35. Tag) den Ställen entnommen und vermarktet während die verbleibenden Tiere bis zum Endfang (nach dem 55. Tag) im Stall weiter verbleiben werden.

Use cases from the German NTSPortal on the systematic use of high-resolution mass spectrometry non-target screening data in environmental monitoring and chemicals management

Background Society aims for a pollutant-free environment, reflected in initiatives under the European Green Deal, which seek to reduce hazardous substances and promote safe, sustainable chemical use. Comprehensive exposure data are needed to identify sources, understand mixtures and eliminate sources of chemical pollution. High-resolution mass spectrometry non-target screening (HRMS NTS) is increasingly used in environmental regulatory context to chemically characterise the environment as completely as possible and retrospectively screen for known and emerging substances. Results This study provides use cases for monitoring and chemicals management with data from the German NTSPortal, a database and visualisation tool for HRMS NTS data from surface water and suspended particulate matter of major German rivers. Its internal spectral library enables substance identification comparable to standardised target analysis, supporting regulatory acceptance of HRMS NTS data for prioritisation and mixture assessment. To demonstrate its potential to research and regulation, we characterised the spatial and temporal distribution of riverine chemical mixtures and present selected use cases relevant to EU environmental, emission, and chemical legislation. Despite pronounced spatial variability, mixture composition based on presence–absence data remained stable over time, with 855 of 1721 substances detected at least once and 247 occurring ubiquitously. Declining trends for regulated substances such as carbendazim and climbazole illustrate the effectiveness of regulatory measures. Overall, the results showed that NTS data repositories can help overcome fragmented exposure information and enable more consistent use of monitoring data across policy areas, including evaluation of the revised Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and One Health concepts. Conclusions Data from the German NTSPortal enabled a multi-matrix and temporal characterisation of riverine chemical mixtures, revealing both stable mixture compositions over time and persistent, catchment-specific substances. These data facilitated high-resolution mixture assessments across space and time, alongside trend analyses that meet regulatory needs in environmental monitoring and chemical risk assessment. Further temporal, spatial, chemical and matrix-spanning expansion of HRMS NTS repositories will enhance their value for environmental monitoring programmes. Strengthening interoperability, implementing FAIR data principles, and developing advanced tools for prioritisation, quantification and toxicity prediction, including AI-based approaches, will be crucial to fully realise the regulatory potential of NTS portals in the future. © The Author(s) 2026.

Tierschutzbericht 2016/2017

Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen (u. a. Haltung von Sauen im Kastenstand, Verbot ganzjähiger Anbindehaltung von Rindern, Verbandsklage Tierschutz), Vollzug tierschutzrechtlicher Vorschriften, Tierhaltung (u. a. Amputations-Kürzen der Schwänze von Schweinen, Wildtiere im Zirkus, Kastrieren männlicher Ferkel, Enthornung von Kälbern, Taubenvergrämung), Eigenkontrollen - Tierschutzindikatoren (u. a. Qualzucht), Hundeführerschein junior, Transport von Tieren, Töten und Schlachten von Tieren (u. a. Schächten, Verfütterung lebender Futtertiere, Hahnenköpfen), Fischerei, Tierversuche, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (u. a. Tierschutzpreis), Tierschutzbeirat; Anlagen: Transportkontrollen, Versuchstierzahlen, Richtlinie für Vergabe des Tierschutzpreises, Mitglieder des Tierschutzbeirats, Jahresbericht Tierschutzbeirat 2016 und 2017

Water isotope time series (March 2020 - March 2021) of samples collected at A. P. Møller Skolen, Kleine Breite, Schlei

Time series of stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed in water samples collected near the A. P. Møller Skolen, Schleswig (Kleine Breite, Schlei), in biweekly to monthly intervals between March 2020 and March 2021. Water was sampled with a pipette from ca. 0.5 m below water surface and directly transferred into a measurement vial. Isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. Water chemical parameters were measured in-situ with a modular WTW 3440 multiparameter devices and regularly calibrated conductivity cells (MPP 930 IDS, TetraCon® 925-P). The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude at the sampled locations and about spatial variability along the transects.

Seasonal nutrient dynamic in the Elbe Estuary June 2019

This dataset contains measurements from LP20190603, collected aboard the R/V Ludwig Prandtl in June 2019 in the Elbe Estuary. In a transect cruise, geobiochemical parameters were measured starting in the North Sea (53.98°N 8.36°E) to the port of Oortkaten in the upstream Elbe Estuary (53.46°N 10.06°E). Sampling was conducted upstream against the outgoing tide to prevent tidal effects on the measurements. Water samples were taken approximately every 20 min. The discrete water samples were used to measure dissolved inorganic nutrient, nitrate stable isotope composition, suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration, particulate carbon and nitrogen content of SPM and nitrogen stable isotope composition of SPM. An onboard membrane pump provided the on-line in situ FerryBox system. It continuously measured oxygen, salinity, and temperature during the cruise. A N2O analyzer coupled (Model 914-0022, Los Gatos Res. Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) with a seawater/gas equilibrator using off-axis cavity output spectroscopy continuously detected dry mole fraction of dissolved nitrous oxide along the estuary. Aim of the cruise was to study the interplay between eutrophication, in-stream nutrient regeneration and N2O emissions in a temperate Estuary.

Seasonal water isotope values in eastern German lakes and rivers (Spree, Dahme, Elster and Mulde systems) in March, July, October 2022, and March 2023

Water isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were analyzed in samples from lakes and rivers in eastern Germany. This sub-dataset is derived from water samples collected from lake and river shores. Seasonal samples were collected in March, July, October 2022, and in March 2023, with a plastic syringe from 20-50 cm depth below water surface and directly filtered and transferred into a measurement vial. Stable isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. Measurement uncertainty was quantified to <0.5 ‰ for δ²H and <0.2 ‰ for δ¹⁸O. Water chemical parameters were determined in-situ with a portable WTW-multiparameter probe. The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude at the sampled spots and about spatial isotope variability in different branches of the associated river systems.

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