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Results of palynological analysis from 2020 of the varved MO-05 core from Lake Mondsee (Austria) section (249-526 cm)

This study reports a precisely dated pollen record with a 20-year resolution from the varved sediments of Lake Mondsee in the north-eastern European Alps (47°49′N, 13°24′E, 481 m above sea level). The analysed part of core spans the interval between 1500 BCE and 500 CE and allows changes in vegetation composition in relation to climatic changes and human activities in the catchment to be inferred. Intervals of distinct but modest human impact are identified at ca. 1450-1220, 740-490 and 340-190 BCE and from 80 BCE to 180 CE. While the first two intervals are synchronous with prominent salt mining phases during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age at the nearby UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hallstatt, the last two intervals fall within the Late Iron Age and Roman Imperial Era, respectively. Comparison with published records of extreme runoff events obtained from the same sediment core shows that human activities (including agriculture and logging) around Lake Mondsee were low during intervals of high flood frequency as indicated by a higher number of intercalated detrital event layers, but intensified during hydrologically stable intervals. Comparison of the pollen percentages of arboreal taxa with the stable oxygen isotope and potassium ion records of the NGRIP and GISP2 ice cores from Greenland reveals significant positive correlations for Fagus and negative correlations for Betula and Alnus. This underlines the sensitivity of vegetation around Lake Mondsee to temperature fluctuations in the North Atlantic as well as to moisture fluctuations controlled by changes in the intensity of the Siberian High and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) regime.

ISLAS2022: Calibrated stable water isotope measurements and aerosol measurements around the Nordic Seas

During a 4-week measurement campaign (ISLAS2022) in March and April 2022, we collected a comprehensive dataset characterizing the atmospheric water vapour and precipitation isotope composition within weather systems in the European Arctic and sub-Arctic. Focusing on an area covering the Nordic Seas and Northern Scandinavia, stable water isotope measurements with cavity ring-down spectrometers (CRDS) were taken from a research aircraft stationed at Kiruna, Sweden; from a Research Vessel going from Tromsø to the western ice edge in Greenland, and from measurements at supersites at Andenes on the Lofoten archipelago, Abisko, and Kiruna. Water vapour and precipitation isotope measurements from different sites and platforms were complemented by additional instrumentation to characterize the atmospheric conditions. Advanced instrumentation included wind LIDAR, ground-based vertical-pointing rain radar, and aerosol measurements at Andenes, two-directional depolarising aerosol LIDAR and horizontal cloud RADAR on the aircraft. Controlled meteorological balloons were launched from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard into cold-air outbreak conditions. Surface precipitation samples were collected from a surface network including Abisko, Andenes, Kiruna, Longyearbyen, Ny-Ålesund, Jan Mayen, Bjørnøya, Tarfala, Ålesund, and Bergen. Surface snow was repeatedly sampled along a detailed transect from Kiruna to Lofoten archipelago. Citizen science snow sampling contributed to distributed surface snow sampling in Northern Scandinavia. All stable water isotope measurements have been calibrated onto the VSMOW-SLAP scale. The data from the ISLAS2022 measurement campaign enables the comprehensive assessment of air mass transformation and water turnover during cold-air outbreak conditions using stable water isotopes as a constraint.

The iron-snow regime in Fe-FeS cores: a numerical and experimental approach

In the Earth, the dynamo action is strongly linked to core freezing. There is a solid inner core, the growth of which provides a buoyancy flux that drives the dynamo. The buoyancy in this case derives from a difference in composition between the solid inner core and the fluid outer core. In planetary bodies smaller than the Earth, however, this core differentiation process may differ - Fe may precipitate at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) rather than in the center and may fall as iron snow and initially remelt with greater depth. A chemical stable sedimentation zone develops that comprises with time the entire core - at that time a solid inner core starts to grow. The dynamics of this system is not well understood and also whether it can generate a magnetic field or not. The Jovian moon Ganymede, which shows a present-day magnetic dipole field, is a candidate for which such a scenario has been suggested. We plan to study this Fe-snow regime with both a numerical and experimental approach. In the numerical study, we use a 2D/3D thermo-chemical convection model that considers crystallization and sinking of iron crystals together with the dynamics of the liquid core phase (for the 3D case the influence of the rotation of the Fe snow process is further studied).The numerical calculations will be complemented by two series of experiments: (1) investigations in metal alloys by means of X-ray radioscopy, and (2) measurements in transparent analogues by optical techniques. The experiments will examine typical features of the iron snow regime. On the one hand they will serve as a tool to validate the numerical approach and on the other hand they will yield important insight into sub-processes of the iron snow regime, which cannot be accessed within the numerical approach due to their complexity.

CO2 degassing from karstic springs in Southern Germany

This study examines characteristics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and partial pressures of CO2 characteristics (pCO2) in the source springs and headwaters of four karstic watersheds, via dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and stable carbon isotope measurements. All four spring sources are located in Southern Germany and were measured for water chemistry and stable isotopes with nearby headwater stream points, which were located up to 100 m downstream of the discharge points. Seasonal sampling covered winter, spring, summer, and autumn in 2018.

Wechselwirkungen zwischen saisonale arktische Meereisprozessen und Stabilität der Halokline – auf dem Weg zum Verständnis arktischer Gas- und Stoffflüsse

In Folge des globalen Klimawandels hat sich die Meereisdecke in der Arktis dramatisch verändert. Im derzeitigen Zustand spielt die arktische Eisdecke eine wichtige Rolle; so schirmt sie das Oberflächenwasser, die sogenannte arktische Halokline (Salzgehaltsschichtung), von der Erwärmung durch die sommerliche Sonneneinstrahlung ab. Zudem wird die Halokline durch die Salze, welches beim Gefrierprozess des Meerwassers aus der Kristallstruktur austritt, gebildet und stabilisiert. Gleichzeitig wirkt die Halokline als Barriere zwischen der Eisdecke und dem darunter liegenden warmen atlantischen Wasser und trägt so zum Erhalt der arktischen Meereisdecke bei. Dieses Gleichgewicht ist nun durch die insgesamt wesentlich dünnere arktische Meereisdecke und ihre verringerte sommerliche Ausdehnung gestört. Im Meerwasser sind zudem Gase und biogeochemisch wichtige Spurenstoffen enthalten. Diese werden durch die Gefrierprozesse eingeschlossen, beeinflusst und wieder ausgestoßen. So beeinflusst die Meereisdecke die Gas- und Stoffflüsse zwischen Atmosphäre, Eis und oberer Wasserschicht. Durch die Eisbewegung findet außerdem ein Transport statt z.B. in der sogenannten Transpolarendrift von den sibirischen Schelfgebieten, über den Nordpol, südwärts bis ins europäische Nordmeer. Nun wird mit den weitreichenden Veränderungen des globalen und arktischen Klimawandels bereits von der „neuen Arktis“ gesprochen, da angenommen wird, dass sich die Arktis bereits in einem neuen Funktionsmodus befindet. Dabei ist jedoch weitgehend unbekannt wie dieses neue System funktioniert, sich weiterentwickelt und wie sich dies auf die Eisbildungsprozesse und damit die Stabilität der Halokline und die damit verbundenen Gas- und Stoffflüsse auswirkt. Für solche Untersuchungen werden über den Jahresverlauf Proben der oberen Wassersäule und der Eisdecke benötigt. Ermöglicht wird dies durch die wissenschaftliche Initiative MOSAiC. Mithilfe der stabilen Isotope des Wassers (?18O und ?D) aus dem Eis und der Wassersäule kann Rückschlüsse auf die Herkunftswässer und den Gefrierprozess gezogen werden und diese Ergebnisse sollen in direkten Zusammenhang mit Gas- und biogeochemischen Stoffuntersuchungen (aus Partnerprojekten) gesetzt werden. Dabei können z.B. Stürme, Schmelzprozesse, Schneebedeckung, Teichbildung und Alterungseffekte des Eises eine Rolle spielen. Untersucht wird parallel die Veränderung der Wassersäule welche z.B. durch Wärmetransport, wiederum die Eisdecke beeinflussen kann.Diese prozessorientierten Untersuchungen der saisonalen Eisbildungsprozesse in Eis und Wassersäule der zentralen Arktis, werden einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Stabilität der arktischen Halokline und der arktischen Gas- und Stoffflüsse liefern. Da sich die Gase und Stoffe nicht-konservativ verhalten, während die Isotope im Gefrierprozess konservativ sind, erwarten wir aus der Diskrepanz wiederum wichtige Informationen z. B. über wiederholtes Einfrieren von Süßwasserbeimengungen ableiten zu können.

Tripelelement-Stabilisotopensignaturen zur Untersuchung des atmosphärischen Chlormethanbudgets

Die stratosphärische Ozonschicht absorbiert die UV-C und UV-B Sonnenstrahlung und schützt damit Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen vor Strahlenschäden. Durch anthropogen emittierte Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKWs) wird die Ozonschicht abgebaut. Da FCKWs seit dem Montrealer Protokoll stark zurückgegangen sind, werden halogenierte Verbindungen wie Chlormethan (CH3Cl), die aus natürlichen Quellen freigesetzt werden, für den Abbau der Ozonschicht in der Stratosphäre zunehmend relevant. CH3Cl ist das am häufigsten vorkommende chlorhaltige Spurengas in der Erdatmosphäre, das für etwa 17% der durch Chlor katalysierten Ozonzerstörung in der Stratosphäre verantwortlich ist. Daher wird CH3Cl vornehmlich die zukünftigen Gehalte an stratosphärischem Chlor bestimmen. Die aktuellen Schätzungen des globalen CH3Cl-Budgets und die Verteilung der Quellen und Senken sind sehr unsicher. Ein besseres Verständnis des atmosphärischen CH3Cl-Budgets ist daher das Hauptziel dieses Projektes.Die Analyse stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse von Wasserstoff (H), Kohlenstoff (C) und Chlor (Cl) hat sich zu einem wichtigen Werkzeug zur Untersuchung des atmosphärischen CH3Cl-Budgets entwickelt. Das zugrundeliegende Konzept besteht darin, dass das atmosphärische Isotopenverhältnis einer Verbindung wie CH3Cl gleich der Summe der Isotopenflüsse aus allen Quellen angesehen werden kann, korrigiert um den gewichteten durchschnittlichen kinetischen Isotopeneffekt aller Abbauprozesse. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Bedeutung wichtiger Quellen und Senken mit bekannten Isotopensignaturen zu entschlüsseln. Eine Grundvoraussetzung für detaillierte Hochrechnungen des globalen Budgets ist die Bestimmung der durchschnittlichen Isotopenverhältnisse von H, C und Cl des troposphärischen CH3Cl. Aufgrund der relativ geringen Konzentration von atmosphärischem CH3Cl von ~550 ppbv stellt dies eine große messtechnische Herausforderung dar. Daher liegt der Schwerpunkt dieses Antrags auf der erfolgreichen Entwicklung von Dreifachelement-Isotopenmethoden zur genauen Messung von atmosphärischem CH3Cl.Im ersten Schritt wird ein Probenahmesystem für große Luftmengen konstruiert und für die Messungen der stabilen Isotopenverhältnisse von CH3Cl optimiert. Das Probenahmegerät wird zunächst im Labor getestet und dann zum Sammeln von Luftproben an drei verschiedenen Orten eingesetzt: an der Universität Heidelberg, am Hohenpeißenberg und im Schneefernerhaus. Die Probenahmen werden über einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr durchgeführt, um möglichst auch saisonale Schwankungen zu erfassen. Die Isotopenverhältnisse der Proben werden mit modernsten massenspektrometrischen Methoden im Labor gemessen. Die Ergebnisse aller Standorte und Zeitpunkte werden in der Gesamtheit evaluiert, um die durchschnittlichen stabilen H-, C und Cl-Isotopenwerte einschließlich ihrer saisonalen Schwankungen darzustellen. Abschließend werden die Daten hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendbarkeit für komplexe numerische Modelle kritisch diskutiert.

Seasonal nutrient dynamic in the Elbe Estuary June 2019

This dataset contains measurements from LP20190603, collected aboard the R/V Ludwig Prandtl in June 2019 in the Elbe Estuary. In a transect cruise, geobiochemical parameters were measured starting in the North Sea (53.98°N 8.36°E) to the port of Oortkaten in the upstream Elbe Estuary (53.46°N 10.06°E). Sampling was conducted upstream against the outgoing tide to prevent tidal effects on the measurements. Water samples were taken approximately every 20 min. The discrete water samples were used to measure dissolved inorganic nutrient, nitrate stable isotope composition, suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration, particulate carbon and nitrogen content of SPM and nitrogen stable isotope composition of SPM. An onboard membrane pump provided the on-line in situ FerryBox system. It continuously measured oxygen, salinity, and temperature during the cruise. A N2O analyzer coupled (Model 914-0022, Los Gatos Res. Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) with a seawater/gas equilibrator using off-axis cavity output spectroscopy continuously detected dry mole fraction of dissolved nitrous oxide along the estuary. Aim of the cruise was to study the interplay between eutrophication, in-stream nutrient regeneration and N2O emissions in a temperate Estuary.

Vertical partitioning and sources of CO2 production and effects of temperature, oxygen and root location within the soil profile on C turnover

For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.

Community-mediated mechanisms to stabilize pollination of agricultural production highly dependent on shrinking honey bee populations under global change

Almond in California represents an agroecosystem pollinated solely by a single species, the European honey bee, a species that is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to manage due to substantial, unpredictable mortality. Therefore, sustainable and high output production require a more integrated approach that diversifies sources of pollination. For this purpose, detailed data of our understanding how diversity can stabilize pollination are required. The project will identify alternative wild pollinator species and collect high quality data contributing to our understanding of how diversity (pollen and insects) can bolster honey bee pollination during stable and unstable climatic conditions. The research will be carried out on almond orchards in Northern California known to be either pollinator species rich (up to 30 species) or depauperate (honey bees only). The replicated extremes in pollinator diversity represent a unique opportunity to study the effects of diversity on pollination in real agroecosystems combined with laboratory and glasshouse experiments. The overall goal is to provide basic research that is essential for our general understanding of how insect diversity can affect high-quality pollination under land use and climate change.

Seasonal water isotope values in eastern German lakes and rivers (Spree, Dahme, Elster and Mulde systems) in March, July, October 2022, and March 2023

Water isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were analyzed in samples from lakes and rivers in eastern Germany. This sub-dataset is derived from water samples collected from lake and river shores. Seasonal samples were collected in March, July, October 2022, and in March 2023, with a plastic syringe from 20-50 cm depth below water surface and directly filtered and transferred into a measurement vial. Stable isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer. Measurement uncertainty was quantified to <0.5 ‰ for δ²H and <0.2 ‰ for δ¹⁸O. Water chemical parameters were determined in-situ with a portable WTW-multiparameter probe. The data give information about the seasonal isotope amplitude at the sampled spots and about spatial isotope variability in different branches of the associated river systems.

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