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Orthobild Freiburg i. Br. - 2021 (Sommer / belaubt) (20cm)

Befliegung des gesamten Freiburger Stadtkreises am 01.06.2021. Die Rasterauflösung beträgt 20 cm, die Daten sind "Open Data". <table> <tr> <th>Technische Ausstattung </th> </tr> <tr><td>Flugzeug</td><td> Cessna 404 Titan (2-motorig), D – IAPD </td></tr> <tr><td>Kamera</td><td> IGI Urban Mapper II </td></tr> <tr><td>Objektiv</td><td> 5 x f = 90 mm </td></tr> <tr><td>Aufhängung</td><td> Somag GSM 3000 (kreiselstabilisiert) </td></tr> <tr><td>DGPS</td><td> NovAtel OEMV-3 L1/L2/L-Band Empfänger </td></tr> <tr><td>Inertial-System</td><td> AEROcontrol IMU-Ie, 128 Hz</td></tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th>Projektparameter </th> </tr> <tr><td>Bildflugdatum</td><td> 01.06.2021 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bodenauflösung/GSD (cm)</td><td> 7 (Nadir) / ~ 7 (Oblique) </td></tr> <tr><td>Fläche (km²)</td><td> 153 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Flugstreifen</td><td> 34 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Aufnahmeorte</td><td> 2.282 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Nadir</td><td> l = 80 % / q = 70 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Oblique</td><td> l ~ 80 % / q ~ 50 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Mittlere Flughöhe ü. Grund (ft.)</td><td> ~ 5.500 </td></tr> <tr><td>Beginn Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 09:30 </td></tr> <tr><td>Ende Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 11:59</td></tr> </table>

Orthobild Freiburg i. Br. - 2021 (Frühjahr / unbelaubt) (20cm)

Befliegung des gesamten Freiburger Stadtkreises am 06.03.2021. Die Bäume sind noch in unbelaubtem Zustand. Die Rasterauflösung beträgt 20 cm, die Daten sind "Open Data". <table> <tr> <th>Technische Ausstattung </th> </tr> <tr><td>Flugzeug</td><td> Cessna 404 Titan (2-motorig), D – IAPD </td></tr> <tr><td>Kamera</td><td> IGI Urban Mapper II </td></tr> <tr><td>Objektiv</td><td> 5 x f = 90 mm </td></tr> <tr><td>Aufhängung</td><td> Somag GSM 3000 (kreiselstabilisiert) </td></tr> <tr><td>DGPS</td><td> NovAtel OEMV-3 L1/L2/L-Band Empfänger </td></tr> <tr><td>Inertial-System</td><td> AEROcontrol IMU-Ie, 128 Hz</td></tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th>Projektparameter </th> </tr> <tr><td>Bildflugdatum</td><td> 06.03.2021 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bodenauflösung/GSD (cm)</td><td> 5 (Nadir) </td></tr> <tr><td>Fläche (km²)</td><td> 209 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Flugstreifen</td><td> 42 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Aufnahmeorte</td><td> 3.555 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Nadir</td><td> l = 80 % / q = 70 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Mittlere Flughöhe ü. Grund (ft.)</td><td> ~ 4.000 </td></tr> <tr><td>Beginn Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 09:59 </td></tr> <tr><td>Ende Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 13:15 </td></tr> </table>

Orthobild Freiburg i. Br. - 2024 (Frühjahr / unbelaubt) (20cm)

Befliegung des gesamten Freiburger Stadtkreises am 20.03.2024. Die Bäume sind noch in unbelaubtem Zustand. Die Rasterauflösung beträgt 20 cm, die Daten sind "Open Data". <table> <tr> <th>Technische Ausstattung </th> </tr> <tr><td>Flugzeug</td><td> Cessna 404 Titan (2-motorig), D – IAPD </td></tr> <tr><td>Kamera</td><td> IGI Urban Mapper 2-P </td></tr> <tr><td>Objektiv</td><td> 1 x f = 90 mm (Nadir) / 4 x f = 110 mm (Oblique) </td></tr> <tr><td>Aufhängung</td><td> Somag GSM 3000 (kreiselstabilisiert) </td></tr> <tr><td>DGPS</td><td>NovAtel OEMV-3 L1/L2/L-Band Empfänger</td></tr> <tr><td>Inertial-System</td><td>AEROcontrol IMU-Ie, 128 Hz</td></tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th>Projektparameter </th> </tr> <tr><td>Bildflugdatum</td><td>20.03.2024</td></tr> <tr><td>Bodenauflösung/GSD (cm)</td><td>5 (Nadir) / ~ 5 (Oblique)</td></tr> <tr><td>Fläche (km²)</td><td>209</td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Flugstreifen</td><td>43</td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Aufnahmeorte</td><td>4.421</td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Nadir</td><td> l = 80 % / q = 70 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Oblique</td><td> l ~ 80 % / q ~ 50 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Mittlere Flughöhe ü. Grund (ft.)</td><td>~ 4.700 – 6.500</td></tr> <tr><td>Beginn Bildflug UTC *</td><td>09:39</td></tr> <tr><td>Ende Bildflug UTC *</td><td>13:03</td></tr> </table>

Orthobild Freiburg i. Br. - 2021 (Sommer / infrarot) (20cm)

Befliegung des gesamten Freiburger Stadtkreises am 01.06.2021. Infrarot-Luftbilder ermöglichen Rückschlüsse auf die Vitalität der Vegetation. Die Rasterauflösung beträgt 20 cm, die Daten sind "Open Data". <table> <tr> <th>Technische Ausstattung </th> </tr> <tr><td>Flugzeug</td><td> Cessna 404 Titan (2-motorig), D – IAPD </td></tr> <tr><td>Kamera</td><td> IGI Urban Mapper II </td></tr> <tr><td>Objektiv</td><td> 5 x f = 90 mm </td></tr> <tr><td>Aufhängung</td><td> Somag GSM 3000 (kreiselstabilisiert) </td></tr> <tr><td>DGPS</td><td> NovAtel OEMV-3 L1/L2/L-Band Empfänger </td></tr> <tr><td>Inertial-System</td><td> AEROcontrol IMU-Ie, 128 Hz</td></tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th>Projektparameter </th> </tr> <tr><td>Bildflugdatum</td><td> 01.06.2021 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bodenauflösung/GSD (cm)</td><td> 7 (Nadir) / ~ 7 (Oblique) </td></tr> <tr><td>Fläche (km²)</td><td> 153 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Flugstreifen</td><td> 34 </td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Aufnahmeorte</td><td> 2.282 </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Nadir</td><td> l = 80 % / q = 70 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Oblique</td><td> l ~ 80 % / q ~ 50 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Mittlere Flughöhe ü. Grund (ft.)</td><td> ~ 5.500 </td></tr> <tr><td>Beginn Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 09:30 </td></tr> <tr><td>Ende Bildflug UTC *</td><td> 11:59</td></tr> </table>

Orthobild Freiburg i. Br. - 2024 (Frühjahr / infrarot) (20cm)

Befliegung des gesamten Freiburger Stadtkreises am 20.03.2024. Infrarot-Luftbilder ermöglichen Rückschlüsse auf die Vitalität der Vegetation. Die Rasterauflösung beträgt 20 cm, die Daten sind "Open Data". <table> <tr> <th>Technische Ausstattung </th> </tr> <tr><td>Flugzeug</td><td> Cessna 404 Titan (2-motorig), D – IAPD </td></tr> <tr><td>Kamera</td><td> IGI Urban Mapper 2-P </td></tr> <tr><td>Objektiv</td><td> 1 x f = 90 mm (Nadir) / 4 x f = 110 mm (Oblique) </td></tr> <tr><td>Aufhängung</td><td> Somag GSM 3000 (kreiselstabilisiert) </td></tr> <tr><td>DGPS</td><td>NovAtel OEMV-3 L1/L2/L-Band Empfänger</td></tr> <tr><td>Inertial-System</td><td>AEROcontrol IMU-Ie, 128 Hz</td></tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th>Projektparameter </th> </tr> <tr><td>Bildflugdatum</td><td>20.03.2024</td></tr> <tr><td>Bodenauflösung/GSD (cm)</td><td>5 (Nadir) / ~ 5 (Oblique)</td></tr> <tr><td>Fläche (km²)</td><td>209</td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Flugstreifen</td><td>43</td></tr> <tr><td>Anzahl Aufnahmeorte</td><td>4.421</td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Nadir</td><td> l = 80 % / q = 70 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Bildüberdeckung Oblique</td><td> l ~ 80 % / q ~ 50 % </td></tr> <tr><td>Mittlere Flughöhe ü. Grund (ft.)</td><td>~ 4.700 – 6.500</td></tr> <tr><td>Beginn Bildflug UTC *</td><td>09:39</td></tr> <tr><td>Ende Bildflug UTC *</td><td>13:03</td></tr> </table>

Markt für Gold

technologyComment of gold mine operation and refining (SE): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. References: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp technologyComment of gold production (US): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. BENEFICIATION: Bald Mountain Mines: The ore treatment method is based on conventional heap leaching technology followed by carbon absorption. The loaded carbon is stripped and refined in the newly commissioned refinery on site. Water is supplied by wells located on the mine property. Grid power was brought to Bald Mountain Mine in 1996. For this purpose, one 27-kilometre 69 KVA power line was constructed from the Alligator Ridge Mine substation to the grid. Golden Sunlight Mines: The ore treatment plant is based on conventional carbon-in-pulp technology, with the addition of a Sand Tailings Retreatment (STR) gold recovery plant to recover gold that would otherwise be lost to tailings. The STR circuit removes the heavier gold bearing pyrite from the sand portion of the tailings by gravity separation. The gold is refined into doré at the mine. Tailing from the mill is discharged to an impoundment area where the solids are allowed to settle so the water can be reused. A cyanide recovery/destruction process was commissioned in 1998. It eliminates the hazard posed to wildlife at the tailings impoundment by lowering cyanide concentrations below 20 mg/l. Fresh water for ore processing, dust suppression, and fire control is supplied from the Jefferson Slough, which is an old natural channel of the Jefferson River. Ore processing also uses water pumped from the tailings impoundment. Pit water is treated in a facility located in the mill complex prior to disposal or for use in dust control. Drinking water is made available by filtering fresh water through an on-site treatment plant. Electric power is provided from a substation at the south property boundary. North-Western Energy supplies electricity the substation. Small diesel generators are used for emergency lighting. A natural gas pipeline supplies gas for heating buildings, a crusher, air scrubber, boiler, carbon reactivation kiln, and refining furnaces. Cortez Mine: Three different metallurgical processes are employed for the recovery of gold. The process used for a particular ore is determined based on grade and metallurgical character of that ore. Lower grade oxide ore is heap leached, while higher-grade non-refractory ore is treated in a conventional mill using cyanidation and a carbon-in-leach (“CIL”) process. When carbonaceous ore is processed by Barrick, it is first dry ground, and then oxidized in a circulating fluid bed roaster, followed by CIL recovery. In 2002 a new leach pad and process plant was commissioned; this plant is capable of processing 164 million tonnes of heap leach ore over the life of the asset. Heap leach ore production is hauled directly to heap leach pads for gold recovery. Water for process use is supplied from the open pit dewatering system. Approximately 90 litres per second of the pit dewatering volume is diverted for plant use. Electric power is supplied by Sierra Pacific Power Company (“SPPC”) through a 73 kilometre, 120 kV transmission line. A long-term agreement is in place with SPPC to provide power through the regulated power system. The average power requirement of the mine is about 160 GWh/year. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. OTHER MINES: Information about the technology used in the remaining mines is described in the References. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. References: Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Barrick (2006b) Environment: Performance Tables from http://www.barrick. com/Default.aspx?SectionID=8906c4bd-4ee4-4f15-bf1b-565e357c01e1& LanguageId=1 Newmont (2005b) Now & Beyond: Sustainability Reports. Newmont Mining Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/social/reporting/ index.asp technologyComment of gold production (CA): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. BENEFICIATION: In the Porcupine Mines, gold is recovered using a combination of gravity concentration, milling and cyanidation techniques. The milling process consists of primary crushing, secondary crushing, rod/ball mill grinding, gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, carbon-in-pulp gold recovery, stripping, electrowinning and refining. In the Campbell Mine, the ore from the mine, after crushing and grinding, is processed by gravity separation, flotation, pressure oxidation, cyanidation and carbon-in-pulp process followed by electro-winning and gold refining to doré on site. The Musselwhite Mine uses gravity separation, carbon in pulp, electro¬winning and gold refining to doré on site. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Effluents are discharged into the ocean. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (AU): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (TZ): The mining of ore from open pit and underground mines is considered. technologyComment of gold refinery operation (ZA): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold refinery operation (RoW): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (PG): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The recovery processes of the Misima Mine are cyanide leach and carbon in pulp (CIP). The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: The recovery process in the Porgera Mine is pressure oxidation and cyanide leach. The slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. WATER SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, process water is supplied from pit dewatering bores and in-pit water. Potable water is sourced from boreholes in the coastal limestone. For Porgera Mine, the main water supply of the mine is the Waile Creek Dam, located approximately 7 kilometres from the mine. The reservoir has a capacity of approximately 717, 000 m3 of water. Water for the grinding circuit is also extracted from Kogai Creek, which is located adjacent to the grinding circuit. The mine operates four water treatment plants for potable water and five sewage treatment plants. ENERGY SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site or with own power generators, from diesel and heavy fuel oil. For Porgera Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site. Assumed with Mobius / Wohlwill electrolysis. Porgera's principal source of power is supplied by a 73-kilometre transmission line from the gas fired and PJV-owned Hides Power Station. The station has a total output of 62 megawatts (“MW”). A back up diesel power station is located at the mine and has an output of 13MW. The average power requirement of the mine is about 60 MW. For both Misima and Porgera Mines, an 18 MW diesel fired power station supplies electrical power. Diesel was used in the station due to the unavailability of previously supplied heavy fuel oil. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (CA-QC): One of the modelled mine is an open-pit mine and the two others are underground. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (RoW): The mining of ore from open pit mines is considered. technologyComment of platinum group metal, extraction and refinery operations (ZA): The ores from the different ore bodies are processed in concentrators where a PGM concentrate is produced with a tailing by product. The PGM base metal concentrate product from the different concentrators processing the different ores are blended during the smelting phase to balance the sulphur content in the final matte product. Smelter operators also carry out toll smelting from third part concentrators. The smelter product is send to the Base metal refinery where the PGMs are separated from the Base Metals. Precious metal refinery is carried out on PGM concentrate from the Base metal refinery to split the PGMs into individual metal products. Water analyses measurements for Anglo Platinum obtained from literature (Slatter et.al, 2009). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” Water share between MC and EC from Mudd (2010). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” technologyComment of primary zinc production from concentrate (RoW): The technological representativeness of this dataset is considered to be high as smelting methods for zinc are consistent in all regions. Refined zinc produced pyro-metallurgically represents less than 5% of global zinc production and less than 2% of this dataset. Electrometallurgical Smelting The main unit processes for electrometallurgical zinc smelting are roasting, leaching, purification, electrolysis, and melting. In both electrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical zinc production routes, the first step is to remove the sulfur from the concentrate. Roasting or sintering achieves this. The concentrate is heated in a furnace with operating temperature above 900 °C (exothermic, autogenous process) to convert the zinc sulfide to calcine (zinc oxide). Simultaneously, sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, which is subsequently converted to sulfuric acid in acid plants, usually located with zinc-smelting facilities. During the leaching process, the calcine is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid solution (re-circulated back from the electrolysis cells) to produce aqueous zinc sulfate solution. The iron impurities dissolve as well and are precipitated out as jarosite or goethite in the presence of calcine and possibly ammonia. Jarosite and goethite are usually disposed of in tailing ponds. Adding zinc dust to the zinc sulfate solution facilitates purification. The purification of leachate leads to precipitation of cadmium, copper, and cobalt as metals. In electrolysis, the purified solution is electrolyzed between lead alloy anodes and aluminum cathodes. The high-purity zinc deposited on aluminum cathodes is stripped off, dried, melted, and cast into SHG zinc ingots (99.99 % zinc). Pyro-metallurgical Smelting The pyro-metallurgical smelting process is based on the reduction of zinc and lead oxides into metal with carbon in an imperial smelting furnace. The sinter, along with pre-heated coke, is charged from the top of the furnace and injected from below with pre-heated air. This ensures that temperature in the center of the furnace remains in the range of 1000-1500 °C. The coke is converted to carbon monoxide, and zinc and lead oxides are reduced to metallic zinc and lead. The liquid lead bullion is collected at the bottom of the furnace along with other metal impurities (copper, silver, and gold). Zinc in vapor form is collected from the top of the furnace along with other gases. Zinc vapor is then condensed into liquid zinc. The lead and cadmium impurities in zinc bullion are removed through a distillation process. The imperial smelting process is an energy-intensive process and produces zinc of lower purity than the electrometallurgical process. technologyComment of processing of anode slime from electrorefining of copper, anode (GLO): Based on typical current technology. Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, copper telluride cement and crude selenium to further processing. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (CL): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. BENEFICIATION: The processing plant consists of primary crushing, a pre-crushing circuit, (semi autogenous ball mill crushing) grinding, leaching, filtering and washing, Merrill-Crowe plant and doré refinery. The Merrill-Crowe metal recovery circuit is better than a carbon-in-pulp system for the high-grade silver material. Tailings are filtered to recover excess water as well as residual cyanide and metals. A dry tailings disposal system was preferred to a conventional wet tailings impoundment because of site-specific environmental considerations. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (RoW): Refinement is estimated with electrolysis-data. technologyComment of treatment of precious metal from electronics scrap, in anode slime, precious metal extraction (SE, RoW): Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, Palladium to further processing

Markt für Eisenerzkonzentrat

technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (IN): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 65% . The process so developed basically involves crushing, classification, processing of lumps, fines and slimes separately to produce concentrate suitable as lump and sinter fines and for pellet making. The quality is essentially defined as Fe contents, Level of SiO2 and Al2O3 contamination. The process aims at maximizing Fe recovery by subjecting the rejects/tailings generated from coarser size processing to fine size reduction and subsequent processing to recover iron values. technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (RoW): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 84%. technologyComment of iron ore mine operation and beneficiation (CA-QC): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 75%. Specific data were collected on one of the two production site in Quebec. According to the documentation available, the technologies of the 2 mines seems similar. Uncertainity has been adjusted accordingly. technologyComment of niobium mine operation and beneficiation, from pyrochlore ore (BR, RoW): Open-pit mining is applied and hydraulic excavators are used to extract the ore with different grades, which is transported to stockpiles awaiting homogenization through earth-moving equipment in order to attain the same concentration. Conveyor belts (3.5 km) are utilized to transport the homogenized ore to the concentration unit. Initially, the ore passes through a jaw crusher and moves to the ball mills, where the pyrochlore grains (1 mm average diameter) are reduced to diameters less than 0.104 mm. In the ball mills, recycled water is added in order to i) granulate the concentrate and ii) remove the gas from the sintering unit. The granulated ore undergoes i) magnetic separation, where magnetite is removed and is sold as a coproduct and ii) desliming in order to remove fractions smaller than 5μm by utilizing cyclones. Then the ore enters the flotation process - last stage of the beneficiation process – where the pyrochlore particles come into contact with flotation chemicals (hydrochloric & fluorosilic acid, triethylamene and lime), thereby removing the solid fractions and producing pyrochlore concentrate and barite as a coproduct which is also sold. The produced concentrate contains 55% Nb2O5 and 11% water and moves to the sintering unit, via tubes or is transported in bags while the separated and unused minerals enter the tailings dam. In the sintering unit, the pyrochlore concentrate undergoes pelletizing, sintering, crushing and classification. These units not only accumulate the material but are also responsible for removing sulfur and water from the concentrate. Then the concentrate enters the dephosphorization unit, where phosphorus and lead are removed from the concentrate. The removal of sulphur and phosphorus have to be executed because of the local pyrochlore ore composition. Then the concentrate undergoes a carbothermic reduction by using charcoal and petroleum coke, producing a refined concentrate, 63% Nb2O5 and tailings with high lead content that are disposed in the tailings dam again. technologyComment of rare earth element mine operation and beneficiation, bastnaesite and monazite ore (CN-NM): Firstly, open pit, mining (drilling and blasting) is performed in order to obtain the iron ore and a minor quantity of rare earth ores (5−6 % rare earth oxide equivalent). Then, a two-step beneficiation process is applied to produce the REO concentrate. In the first step, ball milling and magnetic separation is used for the isolation of the iron ore. In the second step, the resulting REO tailing (containing monazite and bastnasite), is processed to get a 50% REO equivalent concentrate via flotation. technologyComment of rare earth oxides production, from rare earth oxide concentrate, 70% REO (CN-SC): This dataset refers to the separation (hydrochloric acid leaching) and refining (metallothermic reduction) process used in order to produce high-purity rare earth oxides (REO) from REO concentrate, 70% beneficiated. ''The concentrate is calcined at temperatures up to 600ºC to oxidize carbonaceous material. Then HCl leaching, alkaline treatment, and second HCl leaching is performed to produce a relatively pure rare earth chloride (95% REO). Hydrochloric acid leaching in Sichuan is capable of separating and recovering the majority of cerium oxide (CeO) in a short process. For this dataset, the entire quantity of Ce (50% cerium dioxide [CeO2]/REO) is assumed to be produced here as CeO2 with a grade of 98% REO. Foreground carbon dioxide CO2 emissions were calculated from chemical reactions of calcining beneficiated ores. Then metallothermic reduction produces the purest rare earth metals (99.99%) and is most common for heavy rare earths. The metals volatilize, are collected, and then condensed at temperatures of 300 to 400°C (Chinese Ministryof Environmental Protection 2009).'' Source: Lee, J. C. K., & Wen, Z. (2017). Rare Earths from Mines to Metals: Comparing Environmental Impacts from China's Main Production Pathways. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(5), 1277-1290. doi:10.1111/jiec.12491 technologyComment of scandium oxide production, from rare earth tailings (CN-NM): See general comment. technologyComment of vanadium-titanomagnetite mine operation and beneficiation (CN): Natural rutile resources are scarce in China. For that reason, the production of titanium stems from high-grade titanium slag, the production of which includes 2 processes: i) ore mining & dressing process and ii) titanium slag smelting process. During the ore mining and dressing process, ilmenite concentrate (47.82% TiO2) is produced through high-intensity magnetic separation of the middling ore, which is previously produced as a byproduct during the magnetic separation sub-process of the vanadium titano-magnetite ore. During the titanium slag smelting process, the produced ilmenite concentrate from the ore mining & dressing process is mixed with petroleum coke as the reducing agent and pitch as the bonding agent. Afterwards it enters the electric arc furnace, where it is smelted, separating iron from the ilmenite concentrate and obtaining high-grade titanium slag.

GEMAS – Geochemische Kartierung der Acker- und Grünlandböden Europas, Einzelelementkarten, Ti - Titan

GEMAS (Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil in Europe) ist ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Expertengruppe „Geochemie“ der europäischen geologischen Dienste (EuroGeoSurveys) und Eurometeaux (Verbund der europäischen Metallindustrie). Insgesamt waren an der Durchführung des Projektes weltweit über 60 internationale Organisationen und Institutionen beteiligt. In den Jahren 2008 und 2009 wurden in 33 europäischen Ländern auf einer Fläche von 5 600 000 km² insgesamt 2219 Ackerproben (Ackerlandböden, 0 – 20 cm, Ap-Proben) und 2127 Grünlandproben (Weidelandböden, 0 – 10 cm, Gr-Proben) entnommen. In den Proben wurden 52 Elemente im Königswasseraufschluss, 41 Elemente als Gesamtgehalte sowie TC und TOC bestimmt. Ergänzend wurde in den Ap-Proben zusätzlich 57 Elemente in der mobilen Metallionenfraktion (MMI®) sowie die Bleiisotopenverhältnisse untersucht. Alle analytischen Untersuchungen unterlagen einer strengen externen Qualitätssicherung. Damit liegt erstmals ein qualitätsgesicherter und harmonisierter geochemischer Datensatz für die europäischen Landwirtschaftsböden mit einer Belegungsdichte von einer Probe pro 2 500 km² vor, der eine Darstellung der Elementgehalte und deren Bioverfügbarkeit im kontinentalen (europäischen) Maßstab ermöglicht. Die Downloaddateien zeigen die flächenhafte Verteilung der mit verschiedenen Analysenmetoden bestimmten Elementgehalte in Form von farbigen Isoflächenkarten mit jeweils 7 und 72 Klassen.

Geochemische Prospektion in den Grundgebirgseinheiten im Südteil der ehemaligen DDR (1990), Titan in Bachsedimenten, Einzelelementkarten

In der ehemaligen DDR wurden in den Jahren 1980 bis 1990 in den an der Erdoberfläche anstehenden bzw. gering von Känozoikum überdeckten präoberpermischen Grundgebirgseinheiten (Flechtingen-Roßlauer Scholle, Harz, Sächsisches Granulitgebirge, Thüringer Wald, Thüringisch-Vogtländisches Schiefergebirge, Erzgebirge, Elbtalzone/Lausitz) Untersuchungen zur Einschätzung der Rohstoffführung durchgeführt. Bestandteil dieser Untersuchungen war eine geochemische Prospektion im Bereich der genannten Grundgebirgseinheiten. Auf einer Fläche von fast 15.000 km² wurden ca. 18.000 Wasser- und ca. 17.500 Bachsedimentproben entnommen und geochemisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden in Teilberichten zu den einzelnen Grundgebirgseinheiten sowie im „Abschlussbericht zur vergleichenden Bewertung der Rohstofführung in den Grundgebirgseinheiten der DDR“ (Röllig et al., 1990) dokumentiert. Bei diesen Daten aus den Grundgebirgseinheiten im Südteil der ehemaligen DDR handelt es sich um eine in ihrer hohen Probenahmedichte (> 1 Probe/km²) einzigartige flächendeckende geochemische Aufnahme dieser Gebiete. Alle späteren geochemischen Untersuchungen (Geochemischer Atlas 2000 sowie im Rahmen von GEMAS und FOREGS) wurden mit einer ungleich geringeren Probenahmedichte durchgeführt. Diese wertvollen und unwiederbringlichen Daten werden nun über das Geoportal der BGR allgemein verfügbar gemacht. Ergänzend zur digitalen Bereitstellung des originalen Datenmaterials erfolgt erstmals eine Bereitstellung mit modernen computergestützten Verfahren erstellter flächendeckender Verteilungskarten. Die Downloads zeigen die Verteilung der Titangehalte in Bachsedimenten in vier verschiedenen farbigen Punkt- und Isoflächenkarten.

Greenpeace Aktionen gegen Dünnsäureverklappung

Greenpeace verschärft den Protest gegen Dünnsäureverklappung durch eine Serie von Aktionen: In Nordenham an der Verladepier von Kronos Titan, in Duisburg bei der "Pigment-Chemie Sachtleben" und in Tracy (Quebec) bei der "Tioxide of Canada". Am Jahresende kündigen Kronos Titan und Pigment Chemie den Bau von Recycling-Anlagen an und versprechen das Ende der Dünnsäureverklappung für 1988.

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