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Forschergruppe (FOR) 1320: Crop Sequence and Nutrient Acquisition from the Subsoil, Water as medium for nutrient distribution: Monitoring water distribution between subsoil and topsoil considering roles of biopores and plants, by MRT and pressure probes (WatMed)

Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) on microcosm soil cores (200 mm Ø) used for CeMiX, comprising naturally stacked subsoil down to 700 mm plus topsoil from CeFiT, will be implemented at a laterally partially open Split 1.5 T magnet, with intended final in-plane spatial resolution of 200 Micro m. Three-dimensional biopore distributions and dynamics of their formation within the cores will be determined non-invasively and compared to complementing CT analyses of SP 2. One major aim is a non-invasive differentiation of the biopores into earthworm- and root system-originating ones and currently air-, water-, root- and earthwormfilled ones, based on NMR relaxation parameters. Attempts will additionally be made to classify different wall coatings of the biopores with regard to their water affinity. Dynamics of water distribution within the microcosm core and its biopore structures, starting from initial values taken from CeFiT (SP 3), will be documented with an in-plane resolution of 5 mm, in parallel to measurements of root growth dynamics for calculation of biomass and root surface area. Special emphasis will be put on the role of the plant root system for a re-distribution of water/D2O (and solutes) between different soil layers. Finally we will attempt MRT-controlled sample collection from the microcosm cores, to get - together with our research unit partners of SPs 4-8 - repeated access to minimally invasively acquired data on nutrient and microorganism distributions in concert with non-invasively collected water and root distribution data as a basis for dynamic modelling of water and solute circuits in SP 10. Beside the microcosm cores, flat rhizotrons as used in SP 3 will be employed to enable measurements of root and shoot hydrostatic pressure profiles with pressure probes, in addition to MRT measurements. In this way water distributions and corresponding driving forces and growth dynamics will be measured altogether in a minimally invasive manner.

Hintergrundwerte von anorganischen Stoffen in Böden in Deutschland 1:1.000.000 (WMS)

Web Map Service (WMS) zur Karte der Hintergrundwerte von anorganischen Stoffen in Böden in Deutschland. Durch die LABO wurden 2017 für 16 Elemente neue, bundesweite Hintergrundwerte veröffentlicht. Sie beruhen auf Profilinformationen und Messdaten von Königswasserauszügen, die durch die BGR zusammengeführt und homogenisiert wurden. Daten mit hohen Bestimmungsgrenzen wurden nach bestimmten Kriterien von der weiteren Auswertung ausgeschlossen, damit die Bestimmungsgrenzen nicht die Hintergrundwerte beeinflussen. Um die Hintergrundwerte nicht durch Regionen mit hoher Stichprobendichte überproportional beeinflussen zu lassen, wurde in Teilen eine räumliche Ausdünnung durchgeführt. Die Werte mehrerer Horizonte eines Standortes wurden durch tiefengewichtete Mittelwerte zu einem Wert zusammengezogen. Zur Auswertung wurden die vorhandenen Messwerte verschiedenen Gruppen von Bodenausgangsgesteinen zugeordnet. Zudem wurde unterschieden, ob die Proben im Oberboden, im Unterboden oder im Untergrund genommen wurden. Bei den Oberböden wurde bei der Auswertung auch die unterschiedliche Nutzung (Acker, Grünland, Forst) berücksichtigt. Lockergesteine wurden aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzung getrennt nach Nord- und Süddeutschland ausgewertet. Durch die Aufteilung der Daten in Teilkollektive wurden nicht in allen Fällen verlässliche Fallzahlen erreicht, sodass nur Hintergrundwerte mit Fallzahlen ?20 dargestellt werden. Das genaue Vorgehen bei der Ableitung ist dem Bericht der LABO-Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz (2017): 'Hintergrundwerte für anorganische und organische Stoffe in Böden', 4. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage, zu entnehmen.

Forest vegetation development in the Bavarian Forest National Park following the 1983 windfall event

In the Bavarian Forest National Park a brief, but intense storm event on 1 August 1983 created large windfall areas. The windfall ecosystems within the protection zone of the park were left develop without interference; outside this zone windfall areas were cleared of dead wood but not afforested. A set of permanent plots (transect design with 10 to 10 m plots) was established in 1988 in spruce forests of wet and cool valley bottoms in order to document vegetation development. Resampling shall take place every five years; up to now it was done in 1993 and 1998. On cleared areas an initial raspberry (Rubus idaeus) shrub community was followed by pioneer birch (Betula pubescens, B. pendula) woodland, a sequence well known from managed forest stands. In contrast to this, these two stages were restricted to root plates of fallen trees in uncleared windfalls; here shade-tolerant tree species of the terminal forest stages established rather quickly from saplings that had already been present in the preceeding forest stand. Soil surface disturbances are identified to be causal to the management pathway of forest development, wereas the untouched pathway is caused by relatively low disturbance levels. The simulation model FORSKA-M is used to analyse different options of further stand development with a simulation time period of one hundred years.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1685: Ecosystem nutrition: forest strategies for limited phosphorus resources; Ökosystemernährung: Forststrategien zum Umgang mit limitierten Phosphor-Ressourcen, Nanopartikel und Kolloide als Vektoren von P-Verlusten und -Umverteilungen/Verlagerungen im Zuge der Entwicklung von Waldökosystemen

Hintergrund: Obwohl Nanopartikel und Kolloide (NPC) als Vektoren für P-Verluste und P-Neuverteilungen in Waldsystemen fungieren, fehlen grundsätzlichen Erkenntnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen steuernden Umweltfaktoren und dem Schicksal, Transport und der zusammensetzung von NPC und ihrer P-Beladung. Wir postulieren, dass hydrologisch bedingte NPC-Verluste und -umverteilungen eine dreifache Gefahr für das langfristige biogeochemische Recycling von P in Waldökosystemen und damit die Ökosystemernährung darstellen. Projektziel: Aufklärung der Bedeutung und Steuerung von NPC-Verlusten und -umverteilungen für die langfristige Effizienz des P-Recycling in Waldökosystemen. Projekt-Hypothesen: Mobile Kolloide in Waldökosystemen entstammen hauptsächlich dem organischen Oberboden (alle WPs), (ii) Laterale Flüsse vom kolloidalen P während Starkregenereignissen begrenzen langfristig die maximale P-Wiederverwertungseffizienz von Waldökosystemen (WP1), (iii) P ist überwiegend mit organischen Kolloiden assoziiert und größtenteils bioverfügbar, was eine weitere Limitierung der P-Wiederverwertung im Wald darstellt (WP2), (iv) Die Kolloidverlagerung in Wäldern führt zu P-reichen und P-armen Stellen (laterale Umverteilung) bzw. zu einem P-Transfer aus oberflächennahen organischen Horizonten zum mineralischen Unterboden und damit zu einer P-Festlegung in diesem Horizont (WP3), und (v) Abnehmende atmosphärische Einträge von organischen Säuren und Kalkung erhöhen den pH Wert und reduzieren das austauschbare bzw. gelöste Al3+ im Waldoberboden, was die Mobilisierung bzw. den Verlust von kolloidalem P fördert (WP4). Methodik: Wir werden die Konzentration und Zusammensetzung von Kolloiden in den Wasserproben i) aus den Streulysimetern, ii) aus dem lateralen Fluss in Bodeneinschnitte (trenches) und iii) aus den Oberläufen von Bächen an den Versuchsstandorten in Bad Brückenau, Conventwald, Vessertal und Mitterfels bestimmen. Die Kolloide werden mittels Feld Fluss Fraktionierung fraktioniert bzw. isoliert und in Kombination mit ICP-MS, TOC und TN Analyse, sowie TEM gekoppelt mit Energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie charakterisiert. Aufgaben/Arbeitspakete: WP1: Entnahme von Wasserproben aus dem lateralen Fluss in Bodeneinschnitten (trenches) (mit Puhlmann/Weiler und Julich/Feger). Entsprechend unserer Hypothese sollte die Gesamtmenge von NPCs aus präferenziellen Fließwegen, dem lateralen Fluss und den Oberläufen der freigesetzten Menge aus der organischen Bodenoberschicht gleich sein. WP2: Untersuchung der Bioverfügbarkeit der NPC aus dem 'interflow' und den Oberläufen durch Inkubationsexperimente mit Enzymen um Phosphatester und Inositol-Phosphate nachzuweisen (mit Kaiser/Hagedorn/Niklaus). (Text gekürzt)

Biogeochemical Processes in Tropical Soils

In recent years science has taken an increased interest in mineralization processes in tropical soils in particular under minimal tillage operations. Plant litter quality and management strongly affect mineralization-nitrification processes in soil and hence the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems and the environment. Plant secondary metabolites like lignin and polyphenols are poorly degradable and interact with proteins (protein binding capacity) and hence protect them from microbial attack. Nitrification, a microbiological process, directly and indirectly influences the efficiency of recovery of N in the vegetation as well as the loss of N (through denitrification and leaching) causing environmental pollution to water bodies and contributes to global warming (e.g. the greenhouse gas N2O is emitted as a by-product of nitrification and denitrification). Nitrifiers comprise a relatively narrow species diversity (at least as known to date) and are generally thought to be sensitive to low soil pH and stress. Despite these properties nitrification occurs in acid tropical soils with high levels of aluminium and manganese. Thus the main objective of the project will be the identification of micro-organisms and mechanisms responsible for mineralization-nitrification processes in acid tropical soils and the influence of long-term litter input of different chemical qualities and minimal tillage options. The project will include the use of stable isotopes (15N, 13C), mass spectrometry, gas chromatography (CO2, N2O), biochemical methods (PLFA) and molecular biology (16s rRNA., PCR, DGGE)

Origin and fate of dissolved organic matter in the subsoil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.

Vertical partitioning and sources of CO2 production and effects of temperature, oxygen and root location within the soil profile on C turnover

For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.

Calcium cycling in the soil-fig-bat compartment of a neotropical rain forest on spatially heterogeneous substrate

Calcium supply in tropical soils is variable and frequently low. In spite of the heterogeneous Ca supply, some plant species, such as figs, maintain high Ca concentrations in their tissues. Figs are keystone species with more than proportional importance for the functioning of a tropical rain forest. High Ca concentrations in fig fruits may render them particularly attractive for frugivorous vertebrates. We propose to study the whole Ca cycling from soil through a selected fig species, Ficus insipida Willd. and frugivorous bats, their main dispersers, back to soil. The study will be conducted in Panama on sites differing in soil Ca status to assess the importance of soil Ca availability for fig fruit content and bat reproduction. We will quantify aboveground Ca fluxes for 16 trees along a gradient of Ca availability in soil. We will determine (1) Ca concentrations in soils, figs and leaves, (2) nutritional quality of fig and other bat-dispersed fruits and their importance for Ca balance in relation to reproduction of fruit-eating bats, (3) Ca fluxes with litterfall, throughfall, stemflow, bat pellets and faeces, (4) the importance of the contribution of bats to the Ca cycle of individual fig trees, and (5) the effect of fig trees on soil Ca concentrations.

Bioaccessibility of phosphorus in the subsoil (SubsoilP)

14C content of specific organic compounds in subsoils

Organic matter (OM) composition and dynamic in subsoils is thought to be significantly different from those in surface soils. This has been suggested by increasing apparent 14C ages of bulk soil OM with depth suggesting that the amount of fresh, more easily degradable components is declining. Compositional changes have been inferred from declining ä13C values and C/N ratios indicative for stronger OM transformation. Beside these bulk OM data more specific results on OM composition and preservation mechanisms are very limited but modelling studies and results from incubation experiments suggest the presence and mineralization of younger, 'reactive carbon pool in subsoils. Less refractory OM components may be protected against degradation by interaction with soil mineral particles and within aggregates as suggested by the very limited number of more specific OM analysis e.g., identification of organic compound in soil fractions. The objective of this project is to characterize the composition, transformation, stabilization and bioavailability of OM in subsurface horizons on the molecular level: 1) major sources and compositional changes with depth will be identified by analysis of different lipid compound classes in surface and subsoil horizons, 2) the origin and stabilization of 'reactive OM will be revealed by lipid distributions and 14C values of soil fractions and of selected plant-specific lipids, and 3) organic substrates metabolized by microbial communities in subsoils are identified by distributional and 14C analysis of microbial membrane lipids. Besides detailed analyses of three soil profiles at the subsoil observatory site (Grinderwald), information on regional variability will be gained from analyses of soil profiles at sites with different parent material.

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