Das Projekt "Main Annulus Gas Path Interactions (MAGPI)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG durchgeführt. In a modern aero engine, up to 20Prozent of the main annulus flow is bled off to perform cooling and sealing functions. The vicinity of these bleed ports and flow sinks is characterised by complex unsteady swirling flows, which are not fully understood. Even the most up-to-date numerical tools have difficulties predicting the behaviour of the secondary flow system when interacting with the main annulus. The project addresses interactions between main gas path and secondary flow systems in commercial gas turbines in response to Research Activity AERO-2005-1.3.1.2a Concepts and technologies for improving engine thermal efficiency and reducing secondary air losses. Experiments are planned on turbine disc rim and compressor manifold cavity heat transfer, hot gas ingestion, and spoiling effects of cooling air flow and their impact on turbine and compressor performance, as well as a reduction of secondary air losses. The experimental data will be used for better understanding of the complex flow phenomena and improvements of platform and cavity design. Furthermore, the industrial partners will validate their design tools with these test data and improve their prediction capability of secondary flow systems when interacting with the main gas path. The expected results are a reduction of cooling and sealing airflow rates, improvements of the turbine and compressor efficiency and increase of the safety margin of the engine components by better cooling. Expected technical results are: - Knowledge of the interaction phenomena and its effect on cavity heat transfer, spoiling and performance, - Experimental results for validation of improved numerical tools for secondary flow systems, - Optimised design methods and CFD best practice guidelines. The targeted outcome will contribute to the ACARE goal of reduced CO2 emissions via reduced fuel burn of 2Prozent to improve the environment and strengthening the competitiveness of European gas turbine manufacturers.
Das Projekt "Optimised Radar to Find Every buried Utility in the street (ORFEUS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Tracto-Technik GmbH & Co. KG durchgeführt. This project addresses the requirement for advanced technologies for locating, maintaining and rehabilitating buried infrastructures (area II.3.3). Specifically it fulfils the requirement for locating buried assets. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the only known non-invasive technique that can detect metallic and non-metallic buried objects, but conventional pulse time-domain technology has reached the limit of its development potential. This project will use innovative techniques to provide a clear advance in the state of the art. The project has three major objectives: - To provide a step change in the depth penetration and spatial resolution of GPR used for surveys carried out from the ground surface. This will be achieved by increasing the frequency and dynamic range of the radar by researching and developing Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave techniques and ultra wide-band antennas whose performance is independent of ground characteristics. - To prototype an innovative GPR-based real-time obstacle detection system for steerable bore- heads of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) pipe and cable laying systems so that they can operate more safely below ground. This will require new antenna designs to be developed to provide a look-ahead capability and robust systems to be designed to protect against the hostile mechanical environment. - To increase knowledge of the electrical behaviour of the ground, by means of in-situ measurements to enhance understanding of the sub-soil electrical environment, and to provide information for scientifically based antenna design. The project will lead to practical solutions that can be implemented cost-effectively to provide a capability to locate buried infrastructure with accuracy and reliability. This will reduce the need for excavations in the highway, thus minimising direct and indirect costs, reducing the incidence of pollution and enhancing safety. Prime Contractor: Osys Technology Ltd., Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Das Projekt "Fate of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in the Aqueous Environment and the Associated Effects on Organisms" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Umweltforschung, Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Ökosystemanalyse (ESA) durchgeführt. At present, a lot of research has been done concerning the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds after exposure of organisms via the surrounding water. However, there is limited data available on their environmental behaviour and fate. As the most potent xenoestrogens, such as 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), nonylphenol (NP) and Bisphenol A (BPA), are hydrophobic organic chemicals, they tend to concentrate in biota and bind to solid phases. Therefore further research should take into account the bioavailability of these substances, the possible exposure of and hazards for benthic biota and the possibility for food web transfer, bioaccumulation and mixture toxicity. This project intends to examine the distribution pattern of two different test substances in a sediment-water system that functions as a habitat for several organisms related to one another in a food chain. The chemicals, selected for this research, are p-NP and EE2, because of their known steroid hormone mimicking potencies, industrial relevance and relatively wide distribution in natural waters. In a first phase, larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius, that are sediment-dwelling organisms, will be exposed to the 14C-labelled isotopes of the test compounds, by different routes: through spiking the different compartments of the sediment-water system in all possible combinations and/or by feeding them spiked algae. The possible toxic effects of EE2 and p-NP on C. riparius, associated with the different exposure conditions, will be compared by means of chronic tests, based on the OECD Guidelines 218 and 219. Different endpoints will be considered: among others emergence, sex ratio and fecundity. Afterwards zebrafish (Danio rerio) will be involved to study among others food web transfer and the effectiveness of different exposure routes to stimulate e.g. vitellogenin induction. The results of the different parts of this research will be coupled and compared to the output of good theoretical models. In this way, a lot of information should be delivered concerning the path of the tested compounds, covered from the external environment, via the water and/or through the food chain, to be metabolised in biota or distributed to the target organ(s) of (an) organism(s) for exhibiting toxic effects or to bind to solid phases like the sediment or organic matter.
Das Projekt "D 1.2: Reducing alternation and production of off-season fruits in Lychee, Longan and Mango" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340), Fachgebiet Düngung und Bodenstoffhaushalt (340i) durchgeführt. The aim and vision of sub-project D1.2 was and is to encourage hillside farmers to plant erosion resistant fruit trees instead of erosion susceptible annual plants. For that reason, experiments to overcome the irregular bearing behaviour of the three most common fruit tree species in Northern Thailand (Litchi, Longan and Mango) from the first SFB period will be continued in order to make their planting more attractive to the farmers. Considerable progress has been made in D1 during the past 3 years to induce flowers and fruit in Longan trees by the application of KClO3 . With this technique, it was not only possible to induce year around flowers and fruit (off season fruit) but also to overcome the generally rather irregular fruiting behaviour of these trees. A similar technique is now being developed for Mango by using an inhibitor of the bio-synthesis of the plant hormone gibberellin. Only Litchi still resist this kind of manipulation by an 'off season technique' (OST). Great effort will therefore be devoted establishing a similar system for this species as well. Reliably, this can only be done by gaining a much better knowledge of the - most certainly hormonal - regulatory system that governs flower induction in trees. Investigations into the hormonal changes taking place during natural and induced flower induction is, therefore, one of the central objectives in this sub-project, with the goal to better understand the process of flower induction. Until now most of the progress in this area is entirely empirical in nature and a more specific manipulation therefore difficult. While the ability to produce off season fruit all year around and under various weather conditions has brought about a great number of new possibilities, new challenges will still be faced with regard to these methods. These circumstances will affect the whole production chain from the orchard to the market and consumer. In order to better investigate and understand these new situations, a large model experiment with Mango will be set up and problems like tree pruning, water and nutrient demand, phytopathological problems, demand on work force, fruit processing and drying etc. will be investigated by the interdisciplinary co-operation of 8 sub-projects within the SFB. The results obtained during these investigations will be shared with hillside farmers enabling them to take advantage of these new possibilities, which will provide for more reliable yields and allow them to market fruit year around. In general, these new opportunities should encourage farmers to plant more trees and thus reduce erosion. However, to make this system not only reliable and economic but also ecologically and socially beneficial to the society all potential benefits as well as risks have to be evaluated carefully from all different aspects.
Das Projekt "Umwelt im Spannungsverhaeltnis von Bewertung und Verhalten" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kassel, Fachbereich 13 Stadtplanung,Landschaftsplanung, Arbeitsgruppe Empirische Planungsforschung durchgeführt. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung war die Tatsache, dass eine nicht belastete Umwelt in immer groesseren Teilen der Bevoelkerung an Bedeutung gewinnt. Gleichzeitig wird aber immer wieder deutlich, dass der hohen Bewertung einer sauberen Umwelt ein entsprechendes Verhalten selten entspricht. Am Beispiel der Waeschepflege wollten wir das Auseinanderklaffen von Bewertung und Verhalten herausarbeiten und analysieren. Dazu haben wir in unterschiedlichen Gemeinden Hessens etwa 1000 Telefoninterviews durchgefuehrt und 30 Hausfrauen in Intensivinterviews ausfuehrlicher befragt. Diese Intensivinterviews machten deutlich, dass es bei dem Waschen der Waesche um mehr geht als um die simple Beseitigung von Schmutz. Der Grad der Waeschepflege laesst sich nur interpretieren auf dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung der Hygiene im Zivilisationsprozess. Umweltbewusstes Verhalten laesst sich deshalb in diesem Bereich nur schwerlich realisieren.
Das Projekt "Untersuchung des Stoffverhaltens von polycyclischen Moschusverbindungen in Klaerschlaemmen und in Boeden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie durchgeführt. Entsprechend des Expositionspfades erscheinen polycyclische Moschusverbindungen im kommunalen Abwasser und damit auch im Klaerschlamm bzw. in Vorflutern und Sedimenten. Wie Untersuchungen von Eschke (1996) zeigen, liegen die Zulaufkonzentrationen in kommunalen Klaeranlagen fuer Moschus-Keton zwischen 0,6-2,4 myg/l, fuer Galaxolide zwischen 4-27 myg/l und Ablauf bei 0,2-1,3 bzw. bei 1,2-9 myg/l. Dies bedeutet, dass 1/3 bis 1/2 der eingetragenen Menge im Klaerschlamm verbleibt und der Rest in die Vorfluter und Fluesse gelangt (Rimkuss und Wolf 1993, Geyer et. al., 1994, Eschke et.al., 1995). In kommunalen Klaeranlagen (Fooken et. al., 1997) wurden die HHCB/AHTN-Konzentration mit 12-21 mg/kg m tief r angegeben. Dies sind sehr hohe Gehalte, die angesichts der hohen Persistenz und der vermuteten starken Sorption an Klaerschlamm zwingend naeher untersucht werden muessten. Folgende Forschungsaufgaben ergeben sich daraus: 1. Untersuchungen von Klaeranlagenzu- und ablaeufen und Klaerschlaemmen auf HHCB/AHTN, - 2. Untersuchungen des Abbauverhaltens dieser Stoffe in verschiedenen Boeden und Klaerschlammanwendung nach Anpassung der analytischen Bestimmungsverfahren fuer Boeden, - Untersuchung des Verbleibs in Pflanzen und Beurteilung des Versickerungsverhaltens. Es sollenca. 20 verschiedene Klaeranlagen untersucht werden, um einen begrenzten Ueberblick ueber die Belastungssituation zu erhalten. Weiterhin sollen von fuenf Klaeranlagen der Zulauf sowie der Ablauf gemessen werden. Anhand von 3 verschiedenen Boeden, einem humusreichen, einem sandigen und einem tonreichen, soll das Stoffverhalten in Boeden nach Klaerschlammausbringung d.h. der Abbau und die Verlagerung, untersucht werden. Mittels eines Lysimeterversuches an einem Grosslysimeter im Rahmen einer Worst-case-Betrachtung, soll das Versickerungsverhalten unter natuerlichen Bedingungen untersucht werden.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt B 06: Verhalten und Transport von Mikroplastik in gestörten und ungestörten Böden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Köln, Geographisches Institut, Arbeitsgruppe Ökosystemforschung durchgeführt. Die Kontamination von Ökosystemen durch Mikroplastik (MP) wurde bislang vor allem für aquatische Systeme beschrieben. Inzwischen ist allerdings bekannt, dass auch Böden davon betroffen sind. Das Ziel dieses Teilprojekts ist es, ein grundlegendes mechanistisches Verständnis von Verhalten und Transport von MP-Partikeln in Böden in Abhängigkeit von den physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Kunststoffe zu erlangen. In dieser Phase des SFBs konzentrieren wir uns auf die Modellsysteme 'Durchflusszelle', 'Bodensäule' und 'Bodenkasten' und untersuchen die Teilaspekte (I) Transport von MP in porösen Medien und Böden, (II) Transport, Erosion und Deposition von MP an Bodenoberflächen und (III) Detektion, Quantifizierung und Visualisierung von MP in Böden. In (I) und (III) berücksichtigen wir zudem die Rolle von Bodenorganismen für Transport und Verteilung von MP-Partikeln in Böden. Das in diesem Teilprojekt gewonnene mechanistische Verständnis zum Verhalten und Transport von MP-Partikeln ist für eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Bewertung der Umweltrisiken von MP existierender Massenkunststoffe im Ökosystem Boden unerlässlich.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Temperature chaos and microbial food web dynamics" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Köln, Institut für Zoologie, Biozentrum Köln, Arbeitsgruppe Allgemeine Ökologie durchgeführt. Microbial food webs dominate the functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Conclusions on the impact of climatic changes on aquatic ecosystems have generally been based on studies of constant increases in experimental temperatures. However, since the invention of deterministic chaos in the 60ies of the last century, it is known that organisms are confronted with non-linear dynamics of external temperatures. One important forecast for climate changes is the increase of weather (e.g. temperature) variability especially in the middle of Europe. Thus, we would like to contribute to the studies of the current consortia working in the frame of AQUASHIFT with a model study on the dynamic behaviour of experimental food webs. Organisms are not only faced with external irregularities but also with internal (intrinsic) fluctuations of population dynamic parameters. Here we would like to investigate the interaction between non-linear dynamic behaviours of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We have developed an exceptional model systems consisting of a microbial two-preyone-predator-systems that allows for a detailed analysis of dynamic behaviour under defined chemostat conditions. We will analyze match/mismatches occurring due to the interference of non-linear dynamics of extrinsic (temperature) and intrinsic (population sizes) parameters on different trophic levels and would like to contribute to create a theoretical basis for the understanding of the impact of global changes on aquatic communities.
Das Projekt "Green Cook - internationale Strategie für eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von Lebensmitteln" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft, Lehrstuhl für Abfallwirtschaft und Abluft durchgeführt. GreenCook is aimed at reducing food wastage and to make the North-West Europe a model of sustainable food management, by in-depth work on the consumer / food relationship thanks to a multisectoral partnership. Food wastage is a challenging problem, directly linked with the question of waste, consumption and climate change. A quarter of the food produced in the world each year ends up in the dustbin, without having been consumed. Food wastage, a reflection of our overconsumption society, also reinforces social inequalities and is ethically unacceptable. The negative impacts of this wastage are real: for households (useless expenditure), for local authorities (overproduction of waste to be treated, increased costs), for the environment (pointless use of resources and pollution), and for the economy (falling prices). There is a pressing need, for consumers to respect food and food producers again, to enjoy the pleasure of healthy and tasty eating again, to rediscover culinary know-how, and to optimise food presentation, storage and conservation. Lately, tools and methods are under experimentation to help consumers to improve their food management while controlling their purchasing power. They aim at changing behaviour or altering the offer (at the supermarket, in the restaurant or in the canteen). It is alas hard for them to be generalised, because of the complexity of the levers that have to be activated. GreenCooks ambition is to create this lever effect, by generating a dynamic that motivates all of the food players and by throwing pathbreaking bridges with the fields of health, welfare and economic development. Its diversified partnership intends to show the added value of united, transversal action, and to influence EU policies, in order to get a new European sustainable food model to emerge. Prime Contractor: Espace Environnement asbl; Charleroi; Belgien.
Das Projekt "East Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics during the late Quaternary inferred from marine sediment records of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung e.V. in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (AWI) durchgeführt. Auf Grund ihres Einflusses auf Meeresspiegelschwankungen und die thermohaline ozeanische Zirkulation, beschäftigen sich Paläoklimaforscher zunehmend mit der Stabilität der antarktischen Eisschilde. Im Zuge der globalen Erwärmung wird sogar der komplette Zerfall des Westantarktischen Eisschildes befürchtet. Die Bedeutung und Dynamik des gewaltigen Ostantarktischen Eisschildes (EAIS) in Anbindung an rasche Klimaänderungen im Spätquartär wird jedoch wenig beachtet und bisher wenig verstanden. Im Rahmen des beantragten Projektes sollen marine Sedimentarchive in einer Schlüsselregion im indischen Sektor des Antarktischen Ozeans als Signalträger von Variationen der EAIS-Dynamik und ihres Einflusses auf die Bildung Antarktischen Bodenwassers (AABW) untersucht werden. Der methodische Ansatz erstrebt die Rekonstruktion des glaziomarinen Ablagerungsmilieus in der Region der zwischen Prydz-Bucht und dem südlichen Kerguelen-Plateau. Insbesondere wird die Herkunft und Verteilung von Eisfracht-Ablagerungen (IRD) sowie von Konturiten untersucht, die Aussagen über Eisbergdrift und Bodenwasseraktivität in der Vergangenheit gestatten. Die Realisierung des Projektes soll in enger Vernetzung mit dem Forschungsvorhaben von Melles & Wagner erfolgen, welches sich mit der Umweltentwicklung im Hinterland und auf dem Schelf der Prydz-Bucht befassen möchte. Der Förderantrag ist integraler Bestandteil des paläoklimatisch ausgerichteten BIPOMAC-Programms im Rahmen des Internationalen Polarjahres 2007/2008 (IPY).
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