In praxisgerechten Freiland-Lysimetern, die den Einsatz 14C-markierter Wirkstoffe erlauben, sind in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Herbizide, Fungizide und Insektizide auf ihren Abbau und ihre Verlagbarkeit mit dem Sickerwasser untersucht worden. Die bisher erzielten Ergebnisse koennen dahingehend zusammengefasst werden, dass der ueberwiegende Anteil neu entwickelter Stoffe rasch im Boden abgebaut wird und nicht oder nur vereinzelt in Spuren im Sickerwasser zu finden ist.
In Saeulenversuchen, Abbauversuchen unter konstanten und variierenden Klimabedingungen und Batchversuchen zur Bindungsfaehigkeit werden in Hinblick auf die mathematische Simulation des Stoffverhaltens Daten erarbeitet. Forschungsziel ist es dabei, solche Laborversuche im Hinblick auf ihre Eignung zur Verwendung in Simulationsmodellen zu ueberpruefen und zu optimieren.
The aim of this project is to co-estimate models of the core and ionosphere magnetic fields, with the longer-term view of building a 'comprehensive' model of the Earths magnetic field. In this first step we would like to take advantage of the progresses made in the understanding of the ionosphere by global M-I-T modelling to better separate the core and ionospheric signals in satellite data. The magnetic signal generated in the ionosphere is particularly difficult to handle because satellite data provide only information on a very narrow local time window at a time. To get around this difficulty, we would like to apply a technique derived from assimilation methods and that has been already successfully applied in outer-core flow studies. The technique relies on a theoretical model of the ionosphere such as the Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM), where statistics on the deviations from a simple background model are estimated. The derived statistics provided in a covariance matrix format can then be use directly in the magnetic data inversion process to obtain the expected core and ionospheric models. We plan to apply the technique on the German CHAMP satellite data selected for magnetically quiet times. As an output we should obtain a model of the ionospheric magnetic variation field tailored for the selected data and a core-lithosphere field model where possible leakage from ionospheric signals are avoided or at least reduced. The technique can in theory be easily extended to handle the large-scale field generated in the magnetosphere.
Eine stärkere Nutzung der Bahn ist zentral für die erforderliche Verkehrswende. Das Vorhaben soll folgende vier Aspekte untersuchen: 1. Ländervergleich: Was macht die Verkehrspolitik in Sachen Schiene in anderen Ländern besser? In einem internationalen Vergleich (z.B. A/CH/SWE/GB/F/I) soll analysiert werden, wie es andere Länder erreicht haben durch eine Attraktivierung der Bahn mehr Kunden (SPFV+SGV) zu gewinnen. 2. Vertiefte verkehrspolitische Analysen: Sind die umwelt- und verkehrspolitischen Ziele für die Schiene erreicht oder benötigt es veränderte politische Rahmensetzungen, z.B. durch eine zweite Bahnreform? Inwieweit unterstützen die Ziele der Bahnreform die Ziele einer aus Umweltsicht wünschenswerten Bahnpolitik? Mögliche Forschungsfragen: Inwieweit kann eine erfolgreich umgesetzte Bahnreform zu einer höheren Nachfrage im SPFV / SGV führen? Wenn ja, über welche Dimensionen wettbewerblicher Bahnpolitik kann diese Nachfrage stimuliert werden (z.B. niedrigere Preise/Weiterentwicklung der TP/höhere Angebotsqualität)? Kann eine erfolgreich umgesetzte Bahnreform die erwünschte höhere Nachfrage im SPFV / SGV ökonomisch effizienter realisieren als dies über andere Maßnahmen (z.B. höhere Investitionen ohne begleitende wettbewerbliche Instrumente) geschehen kann? 3. Nutzungsanforderungen im SPFV: Für eine größere Verlagerung muss sich das Angebot stärker an den Interessen und Bedürfnissen der Nutzer*innen orientieren. Hierzu ist eine tiefere empirische Analyse zu den diesbezüglichen Qualitätsanforderungen notwendig 4. System Güterbahn stärken: Welche Chancen und Hemmnisse gibt es, die eine stärkere Marktdurchdringung der Güterbahnen auf den Verkehrsmärkten ermöglichen bzw. verhindern? Analyse des Bahnsystems zur Formulierung passgenauer Handlungsempfehlungen: Wie können Betriebsabläufe optimiert werden? Wie durchlässig ist die Branche für Innovationen? Wie und zu welchen Kosten und unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen können Güterbahnen wettbewerbsfähiger werden?
Im Rahmen des Vorhabens zur Verlagerung von Groß- und Schwerguttransporten auf die Wasserstraße wur-den Infrastrukturdaten von Häfen und von Objekten in der Zuständigkeit der WSV erhoben. Seit Juni 2021 wurden erste Infrastrukturdaten freigegeben, so dass die Daten über eine API-Schnittstelle abgerufen werden können. Bis Ende 2023 sollen weitere potenzielle Umschlagstellen in ganz Deutschland erfasst werden, um ein flächendeckendes Netz zu schaffen.
The project ECO2 (Sub-seabed CO2 storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems) is carried out by a consortium of 24 research institutes, one independent foundation, and two commercial entities from nine European countries. The project is coordinated by IFM-Geomar in Kiel. For details regarding the ECO2 consortium and the organization of the project, we refer to the website www.eco2-project.eu. The overall aims of ECO2 are to evaluate the likelihood, ecological impact, economic and legal consequences of leakage from sub-seabed CO2 storage sites. The contribution of LH2 to this project occurs within the Workpackage 1 (Caprock integrity) as well as within the Cross Cutting Theme 2 (Numerical modelling). Within Workpackage 1, it is one of the aims to provide a catalogue of possible leakage scenarios and their likelihood of occurence. This will be done for selected sites like Snoehvit or Sleipner. The modelling includes static modelling and dynamic modelling. The latter will be done by LH2 based on numerical modelling concepts developed in-house and implemented into the simulator Dumux. Cross Cutting Theme 2 (Numerical modelling) has the major aim to develop interfaces between the different kinds of numerical models which are applied in the different work packages for specific tasks.
Changes in European agricultural landscapes have gained on intensification in the second half of the last century. Among others, they are driven by global change phenomena such as climate change, demographic change and migration, increasing global bio-energy demands and changing human diets as well as by trade liberalisation, technological progress, and leakage effects of land use policy interventions. Farmers usually respond to such changes by adapting production and land use systems to efficiently utilize and manage their farm resource endowments. However, this process often leads to adverse impacts on the diversity of agricultural landscapes and environmental qualities. EU policies have been formulated as a reaction to singular or sectoral problems (e.g. the Common Agricultural Policy, the Water Framework Directive, the Nitrates Directive, NATURA2000), which are usually differently implemented among member states by using a variety of legislative or incentive based instruments. Consequently, more coordination among policies is required to minimize the trade-offs between different land use policy targets (i.e. land conservation versus boosting biomass production), and between private (adaptive) and societal (mitigative) land use benefits. Mitigation and adaptation are often separately analysed due to the nature of the problem i.e. mitigation is often considered as public good versus adaptation as private or club good. However, it is necessary to consider both in assessing the mutual benefits of cost-effective land uses and farm mitigation and adaptation measures, which mainly depend on spatial heterogeneity of natural and farming conditions. Consequently, it is important to consider bio-physical, ecological, and economic relationships in assessing the mitigative (public) and adaptive (private) potentials and trade-offs of alternative land uses and farm management measures.In this project we implement a data-model-policy fusion concept, which shall guarantee cost-effective mitigation and adaptation of farms and sustainable landscape and biodiversity developments in the context of climate, market, and policy instrument changes. The concept is applied to two case-study landscapes in the Mostviertel region in Austria and contains an integrated spatially explicit modelling framework to simulate the land use changes at field, farm, and landscape level as well as cost-effective farm mitigation and adaptation portfolios. The land use changes are assessed with farm economic, biodiversity, abiotic, and landscape indicators including GIS-modelling and field observations. Biodiversity effects are central in the integrated assessment acknowledging the roles of landscape structure and land use intensity. Geo-referenced land uses and land use attributes are a major interface in the data-model-policy fusion concept. The results will help farmers and regional stakeholders to identify best management practices for climate change mitigation and adaptation i
Geological storage involves injecting CO2 directly into underground geological formations. CO2 has been used for decades in oil industry to increase recovery (Figure 1). Saline aquifers (Figure 2)have also been suggested as CO2 storage sites. Prevention of post sequestration leakage to the surface from deep saline aquifers is one the key issues in disposal of CO2 into the aquifer. The permanence of the sequestration of CO2 into the saline aquifer depends strongly on the integrity of the top sealing formation over geological time (from one hundred to several thousand years depending on the size). In order to assess whether the stored CO2 retains in the formation or not, the resistivity of the cap rock against the geochemical alteration or geomechanical deformation should be examined. Numerical Simulation: This multidisciplinary project is aimed to better quantify the long-term integrity of the cap rock based on the laboratory experiments. In order to characterize the reservoir, laboratory experiments will be conducted on the selected rocks form the North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) region including petrophysical tests. In this study, the experimental results and the geologic data of the Bunter sandstone and Rotliegend sandstone formations will be used in geological model. Using ECLIPSE commercial simulator enables us to fill the gap between theoretical analysis and laboratory experiments. Several injection scenarios will be performed to study the multi-component behavior of the multi-phase flow in porous media as well as geochemical alteration and geomechanical deformation of the cap rock. We will also introduce the transport phenomena (heat and mass transfer) of CO2 by using SHEMAT and TOUGHREACT simulators. Finally we will look for a solution to link these three simulators to have the best leakage risk assessment. This project is funded by the West LB foundation 'Future of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Archaeologische Ausgrabungen liefern ein nur unvollkommenes, oft einseitiges Bild vorgeschichtlicher Kulturen. Palaeobotanische Untersuchungsmethoden, zusammen mit physikalischen Altersbestimmungen, ermoeglichen ganz wesentliche, neue Aussagen. Ab der Jungsteinzeit lassen sich die Entwicklung des Ackerbaus, die Viehhaltung und die unterschiedliche Waldnutzung nachweisen. Hierbei sollen die Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Kulturen (wie La-Tene-Zeit - Roemerzeit) und innerhalb dieser die Verschiedenheiten in den einzelnen Landschaften Nordwuerttembergs (wie Neckarland - Schwaebische Alb) geklaert werden. Die Altersdatierung ermoeglicht zusaetzlich, Beginn, Dauer und Entwicklung von Siedelphasen zu bestimmen. Damit koennen Ausbreitungswege bestimmter Kulturen rekonstruiert und Siedlungsunterbrechungen erfasst werden. So war es moeglich, einen im spaeten Mittelalter bei Sersheim abgegangenen, archaeologisch bisher nicht belegten Ort pollenanalytisch nachzuweisen. Ausserdem laesst sich die Veraenderung der Bodenqualitaet durch die menschliche Siedlungstaetigkeit feststellen. So zeigt sich eine Verhagerung bei Lauffen am Neckar ab dem spaeten Mittelalter erst nach mehreren Jahrhunderten Mittelwaldnutzung. Sedimentluecken koennen ausserdem Hinweise auf Gewaessernutzung geben.
When predicting processes in the subsurface, the need for uncertainty quantification and risk assessment is evident. Yet, this is merely the first within a full spectrum of tasks in stochastic modelling, which includes calibration, robust design, optimal monitoring and predictive control. Monte-Carlo simulation is the most simple and universally applicable option for stochastic modelling, but its computational costs become strictly prohibitive when joining it with the above follow-up tasks. Polynomial chaos expansions (PCE) are computationally much more efficient, and receive a quickly increasing attention. However, only little work has been done to make PCE available to the full spectrum of tasks. The proposed work will make PCE accessible for the full spectrum of tasks named above. We will develop a new, integrative and efficient framework, where all involved quantities will be treated via an overall functional approximation that represents the systems behaviour within the entire range of un-certain parameters, design or control variables. Thus, the strongly increased computational costs of follow-up tasks will be drastically mitigated. We will further reduce storage requirements and improve computational efficiency via data-sparse and low-rank tensor representations throughout all tasks. The drastic gain in computational efficiency will finally allow tackling advanced follow-up tasks for full-scale, complex and real-world problems, even under uncertainty. We will demonstrate this by application to CO2 injection into the deep subsurface. Site characterization and selection, design and control of injection strategies under uncertainty, as well as optimal monitoring of CO2 leakage to the surface will be performed within the new framework, leading to better assessment, management and reduction of the involved risks.
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