Ermittelt werden die Kaufwerte für landwirtschaftliche Grundstücke, bei denen die veräußerte Fläche der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung mindestens 1000 Quadratmeter groß ist.
Das Projekt "Market Structure and Organization in Agri-Food Value Chains: An Application to the German Dairy Sector" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Leibniz-Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa.The German dairy value chain is subject to profound structural change resulting in increasingly dominant agents at all stages of the chain, i.e. at the farm level, at the processors' level and at the retailers' level. In particular, the consolidation of retailers has increased retailers' bargaining power vis-à-vis their suppliers. Against this background, the overall objective of this subproject is to analyze the structural change in the dairy sector, particularly at the processors' level, by taking into account firms' strategic interactions along the entire dairy value chain. So far, there exists no theoretical workhorse model that allows for the analysis of interdependencies in a three-layer structure where imperfect competition is considered at all three stages. We aim to close this gap to understand how an increasingly dominant retail industry influences strategic decisions at the dairy processors' level which, in turn, may affect dairy farmers. Building upon a three-layer approach, we first examine whether processors have merger incentives to counter the retailers' bargaining power. We then analyze the differences between cooperatives and for-profit firms concerning their decision on product quality and the number of dairy suppliers. Finally, we assess the implications for upstream farmers which rounds off the picture of structural change in the German dairy sector.
Das Projekt "Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1158: Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; Bereich Infrastruktur - Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten, Overwintering strategies in polar copepods: Physiological mechanisms and buoyancy regulation by ammonium" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2 Biologie,Chemie, Marine Zoologie.Ontogenetic seasonal migration associated with a diapause is known as an adaptation to escape temporally from an unfavourable environment in several calanoid copepod species in Polar Seas. Diapausing copepods reside for several months in greater depths where they are presumably neutrally buoyant. Ammonium buoyancy as been observed in several marine invertebrates has never been studied in diapausing copepods. Dependent on the pH, ammonia exists in solutions as both NH3 and NH4 +). Due to the toxicity and the higher diffusibility of NH3 a low haemolymph pH is required to favour the formation of ammonium (NH4 +). The trigger (onset, duration, termination) of diapause is yet unknown. In a recent study we detected ammonium values as high as 500 mmol L-1 in the haemolymph of the diapausing Antarctic copepods Calanoides acutus and Rhincalanus gigas, as well as in the diapausing calanoid copepods Calanoides carinatus and Eucalanus sp. in the Benguela Current upwelling system, indicating ammonia buoyancy in these species. In diapausing copepods metabolic depression is evident by reduced metabolic rate and reduced swim activity. We hypothesize that a low extracellular pH in the haemolymph of diapausing copepods necessary to form NH4 + and to prevent it from diffusive loss could play a fundamental role in the regulation of metabolic depression and thus in the control of diapause. This would lead to a seasonality of ammonia buoyancy with high ammonium and low pHe during diapause and high pHe and low ammonium in the active periods.
Das Projekt "Selective tribological optimisation of fluid kinetics and efficiency by laser surface structuring (STOKES)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnologie.Economic losings caused by wear and friction are still tremendous, just in Germany the losings are amounted to 100 bn € p.a., for Europe the losses exceed 400 bn €. Recent investigations have shown that laser manufactured structures can exert considerable influence on the tribological behaviour of surfaces. Besides hydrodynamic effects, which can improve friction, the ability of the structures to store lubricant lead to the maintenance of a lubrication film. As the state of the art techniques for laser surface structuring, particularly for tribological applications are mainly on an a R&D level, the production technology is in need of adequate manufacturing techniques. Main topics in this field of research are the inevitable pre- and post-treatment steps of current laser surface structuring techniques as well as the high process durations. The overall goal of this project is to solve both of those tasks by the development and realisation of a process technology, which enables the process chain integrated laser surface structuring of hydraulic parts. The project aims to cover a defined segment of a growing market and the technological achievements will offer the participating SMEs promising options of upgrading their product values. In addition to the direct improvement of single systems by the investigations on demonstration parts within the project, the high transferability of the technique to further products will enable the value enhancement of whole product classes. This offers the possibility of a strong enhancement of the total product output. A consortium has been established, which covers the laser supply and technique as well as the surface preparation technology. Manufacturers of hydraulic parts are members of the consortium in order to close the technological range. Two powerful RTD performers could be gained, which are specialised on the laser processing on the one hand and on tribology on the other hand.
Das Projekt "Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 564: Nachhaltige Landnutzung und ländliche Entwicklung in Bergregionen Südostasiens; Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia, E 4.1: Quality and food safety issues in markets for high-value products in Thailand and Vietnam" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) / National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrar- und Sozialökonomie in den Tropen und Subtropen.The production and marketing of high-value agricultural commodities - such as fruits, vegetables, and livestock products - has been an important source of cash income for small-scale farmers in the northern mountainous regions of Thailand and Vietnam. However, against the background of recent free trade agreements and market liberalization, there is increasing national and international competition, partly leading to significant price decreases. Given structural disadvantages of farmers in northern Thailand and Vietnam, it will be very difficult for them to achieve and maintain a competitive position in markets for undifferentiated high-value products. Therefore, product differentiation - in terms of health attributes (e.g., low-pesticide residues, free from diseases and pathogens), taste (e.g., indigenous livestock breeds), time (e.g., off-season production), or processing characteristics (e.g., packaging, drying, canning) - could be a promising alternative. Quality and safety attributes play an increasing role in domestic and international food trade. The additional value generated could lead to sustainable income growth in the small farm sector, but this potential will only materialize when appropriate institutional mechanisms help reduce transaction costs and allow a fair distribution of benefits. This subproject seeks to analyze how the production and marketing of high-value agricultural products with quality and safety attributes can contribute to pro-poor development in northern Thailand and Vietnam. Quality and safety attributes can only generate value when they directly respond to consumer demand. Furthermore, since they are often credence attributes, the product identity has to be preserved from farm to fork. Therefore, the analysis will cover the whole supply chain, from agricultural production to final household consumption. Interview-based surveys of farmers, intermediate agents, and consumers will be carried out in Thailand, and to a limited extent also in Vietnam. The data will be analyzed econometrically with regard to the structure of high-value markets, trends and their determinants, and efficiency and equity implications of different institutional arrangements (e.g., contract agriculture, supermarket procurement). Since in northern Vietnam, the marketing of high-value products is a relatively recent activity, markets for more traditional crops will be analyzed as well, to better understand the linkages between different cash-earning activities in the semi-subsistent farm households. Apart from their direct policy relevance, the results will contribute to the broader research direction of the economics of high-value agricultural markets in developing countries. Moreover, they will generate useful information for other subprojects of the Uplands Program.
Das Projekt "Immobilienwert und Energiebedarf" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Architektenkammer Niedersachsen.Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlich fundierten Methode und eines praxisorientierten Verfahrens zur Berücksichtigung energetischer Eigenschaften in der Verkehrswertermittlung. Die Entscheidung ob, wann und wie investiert wird, orientiert sich an finanziellen Risikoanalysen mit möglichst geringer Fehlertoleranz. Ein wesentlicher Baustein dieser Analyse ist - besonders im Hinblick auf Sanierungs- und Modernisierungstätigkeiten - die Verkehrswertermittlung. Diese wird in der Regel auf Basis der 'offiziellen' Vergleichs-, Sach- oder Betragswertverfahren aus der Wertermittlungsverordnung durchgeführt, die aber keine hinreichenden Methoden zur Berücksichtigung energetischer Eigenschaften vorsehen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass regelmäßig Wertgutachten von Immobilien keine qualifizierten Aussagen zur energetischen Qualität und des damit verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungs- und Risikopotenzials enthalten. Durch diese Unverkürzte Darstellung werden die nachhaltig enorm wirksamen energetischen Gebäudeeigenschaften in Investitionsentscheidungen unzureichend gewichtet. Das Vorhaben soll - besonders im Hinblick auf die Einführung des obligatorischen Energiepasses 2006 / 2007-diesen Zusammenhang genauer untersuchen. Auf die Erforschung der Schlüsselparameter 'Marktakzeptanz des Energiepasses' und 'Amortisationszyklen energetischer Investitionen' wird ein besonderer Schwerpunkt gelegt. Ziel ist die Erarbeitung einer geeigneten Methode, die gestützt auf statistische Marktuntersuchungen, Kostendaten und Erkenntnissen aus Bautechnik und Investitionsrechnung zu einer energetischen Wertkorrektur führt, die in die erprobten offiziellen Wertermittlungsverfahren einfließen kann. Durch eine fundierte und sachgerechte Wertberücksichtigung der Energieeffizienz werden bislang meist unbeachtete aber dringend notwendige wirtschaftliche Argumente für eine energetische Modernisierung geliefert. Dies führt zu unmittelbaren hauwirtschaftlichen- und beschäftigungspolitischen Impulsen und leistet umweltpolitisch einen Beitrag zum dringend erforderlichen Fortschritt in der Energie- und CO2-Einsparung.
Das Projekt "FUNSERVE - Selling a Function instead of a Product - Renting White Goods via Functional Service Contracts" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Electrolux / Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH.The FUNSERVE project aimed to examine and field test a new concept, which offers customers the services that they need (e.g. refrigeration) instead of an appliance that provides this service. With this project, the leading European appliance manufacturer Electrolux and three electric utilities in Germany and Austria have examined the possibilities to offer to customers a package consisting of a very energy-efficient appliance, full maintenance, and perhaps the electricity and water it needs, for a fee collected with the utility bill. This approach will increase the market share of energy-efficient appliances by overcoming the barrier of a higher initial investment. It can be a successful value-added service for the electric utilities in the liberalised market. And it can reduce waste, since used appliances are expected to be refurbished by Electrolux and rented or sold again. The FUNSERVE project has had the aim to develop and field-test the new approach in four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Sweden, and the UK. The analyses, surveys, and field tests carried out in this project have shown that Functional Services for White goods can be attractive to around 30 to 40 percent of all domestic customers in the medium term, as well as to those who would co-operate to offer such services: manufacturers and retailers of white goods, and energy companies. However, it seems that the electricity and/or white goods markets in many EU countries are not (yet) ready to implement the radical change the Functional Service will imply for the way consumers acquire the services provided by white goods, instead of the white goods themselves. Electrolux, the manufacturer that has been a partner in this project, has held an early field test in Gotland but now does not seem to plan the introduction of any further Functional Service schemes in the EU. Also in Austria, Germany and the UK, no further field tests for the Functional Service were implemented during the course of the project. Other experiences are mixed as well. E.g., Siemens in Austria is carrying on with their 'Extrarent' service in close co-operation with retailers, while Yello Strom and Bauknecht stopped their 2001 field test after complaints by the retail trade. These two examples show that co-operation with retail trade is important for the success of any appliance renting scheme, although it may somewhat reduce the margins available to manufacturers and utilities. On the other hand, the manufacturer Merloni has started a 'pay-per-use' service for his washing machine 'Margherita Dialogic' in Italy, together with the electricity supplier ENEL, in September of 2001.
Das Projekt "Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 564: Nachhaltige Landnutzung und ländliche Entwicklung in Bergregionen Südostasiens; Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia, E 3: Market potential of high-value agricultural products as a determinant for rural development in Northern Thailand and Vietnam" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) / National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrar- und Sozialökonomie in den Tropen und Subtropen.The objective of this project is to evaluate markets and marketing systems relevant for assessing the potential of specific agricultural products in the rapidly changing rural environment of northern Thailand and Vietnam. The project aims (1) to evaluate the market potential of high value fruit products (mango, lychee, longan which are the subject of research in subproject D1), (2) to assess the feasibility and economies of scale of fruit processing (as technically required following research in subproject E1 and E2), and (3) to reveal the market effects of alternative production techniques (improved animal production in D2, farming systems in D3) introduced into agricultural production systems. This will provide information for the technical and farming systems projects on adjustment needs with respect to market prices and costs. Market information is indispensable for the products mentioned above, as many of them are supposed to be products with high income elasticities and therefore strongly dependent on macroeconomic developments such as recent market and income distortions observed in Southeast Asia. Research in this phase will lay the groundwork for assessing the optimal structure (location, size, number) of a processing industry in the later phases of the SFB.