Langjährige Pegelaufzeichnungen aus dem Gebiet der südöstlichen Nordsee zeigen seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts signifikante Veränderungen im lokalen Tideregime. Während der mittlere Meeresspiegel (englisch: Mean Sea Level, MSL) über die vergangenen 150 Jahre generell dem globalen Mittel gefolgt ist, deuten Auswertungen der mittleren Tidehoch- und Tideniedrigwasser auf signifikant abweichende Trends hin. So sind die Tidehochwasser signifikant schneller als der MSL angestiegen, während die Tideniedrigwasser deutlich geringere oder teils negative Trends aufzeigen. Daraus resultierte eine gleichzeitige Zunahme des Tidehubs (die Differenz aus Tidehoch- und Tideniedrigwasser) von ca. 10 % seit 1955. Derartige Veränderungen haben direkte Auswirkungen auf den Küstenschutz. So ergeben sich bei einem Anstieg der mittleren Tidehochwasser größere Wassertiefen, wodurch das Wellenklima insbesondere im Bereich der Wattflächen und Außensände in der Deutschen Bucht beeinflusst wird. Größere Wellenhöhen und damit höhere Orbitalgeschwindigkeiten und Brandungsenergien sind die unmittelbare Folge, die zu großflächigen Erosionen führen kann. Gleichzeitig beeinflussen geringere Tideniedrigwasser die Schiffbarkeit der flachen Küstengewässer. Durch den vergrößerten Tidehub treten größere Tidestromgeschwindigkeiten auf, die z.B. Ausräumungen der Tiderinnen, verstärkte Erosionen an Inselsockeln, Strandräumungen und im Zusammenhang mit Sturmfluten Dünen- und Kliffabbrüchen verursachen können. Dies verdeutlicht, dass neben den global wirkenden übergeordneten Veränderungen im MSL (Massenänderungen, thermale Expansion) auch regionale Phänomene und Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle für die Ausprägung der Wasserstände spielen. Eine Berücksichtigung solcher Faktoren in den Projektionen zukünftiger Wasserstände setzt voraus, dass vergangene Entwicklungen und zugrunde liegende Prozesse ausreichend verstanden sind. Das übergeordnete Ziel von TIDEDYN besteht daher in der Analyse der in der Vergangenheit bereits aufgetreten Veränderungen im lokalen Tideregime der Nordsee. Die beobachtete Zunahme des Tidehubs ist in ihrer starken Ausprägung ein weltweit einzigartiges Phänomen, welches bis heute nicht erklärt werden kann. Als mögliche (aber bisher unerforschte) Ursachen kommen z.B. langfristige Änderungen im MSL, morphologische Änderungen im Küstenvorfeld (natürlich oder anthropogen, z.B. Ausbaggerungen oder Baumaßnahmen wie Eindeichungen) oder saisonale Änderungen in der thermohalinen Schichtung des Ozeans in Frage. Durch die integrierte Analyse von hochauflösenden numerischen Modellen (barotrop und baroklin) und Beobachtungsdaten mit robusten Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse, sollen die Änderungen im Tideregime der Nordsee über die vergangen 60-70 Jahre beschrieben, modelliert und systematisch erforscht werden sowie einzelne Prozesse mittels Sensitivitätsstudien voneinander abgegrenzt werden.
Organic matter (OM) composition and dynamic in subsoils is thought to be significantly different from those in surface soils. This has been suggested by increasing apparent 14C ages of bulk soil OM with depth suggesting that the amount of fresh, more easily degradable components is declining. Compositional changes have been inferred from declining ä13C values and C/N ratios indicative for stronger OM transformation. Beside these bulk OM data more specific results on OM composition and preservation mechanisms are very limited but modelling studies and results from incubation experiments suggest the presence and mineralization of younger, 'reactive carbon pool in subsoils. Less refractory OM components may be protected against degradation by interaction with soil mineral particles and within aggregates as suggested by the very limited number of more specific OM analysis e.g., identification of organic compound in soil fractions. The objective of this project is to characterize the composition, transformation, stabilization and bioavailability of OM in subsurface horizons on the molecular level: 1) major sources and compositional changes with depth will be identified by analysis of different lipid compound classes in surface and subsoil horizons, 2) the origin and stabilization of 'reactive OM will be revealed by lipid distributions and 14C values of soil fractions and of selected plant-specific lipids, and 3) organic substrates metabolized by microbial communities in subsoils are identified by distributional and 14C analysis of microbial membrane lipids. Besides detailed analyses of three soil profiles at the subsoil observatory site (Grinderwald), information on regional variability will be gained from analyses of soil profiles at sites with different parent material.
Beach sand deposits are widespread in the area around Sandefjord, at the western coast of the Oslofjord, southern Norway. The age of the deposits continuously increases with elevation, as the area has been subject to steady glacio-isostatic uplift throughout the Holocene. Existing local sea level curves provide age control related to elevation. Thus, the area offers excellent conditions to test hypotheses on soil formation and OSL dating. A chronosequence covering the last 10 000 years will be established. A preliminary study showed that soil formation leads to Podzols within 4300 - 6600 years. Micromorphological analyses suggest that clay illuviation takes place before and below podzolisation. It is hypothesised that clay translocation goes on contemporarily with podzolisation, but at greater soil depth, where the chemical conditions are suitable. This hypothesis will be proved by more detailed micromorphological investigation and chemical analyses. The factors controlling soil forming processes and their rates, will be determined by analyzing elemental composition, primary minerals and clay mineralogy. Preliminary OSL dating tests suggest that the beach sand deposits are OSL dateable despite the high latitude. This hypothesis will be checked by comparing OSL datings to ages derived from the 14C-based sea level curves.
Nutrient and water supply for organisms in soil is strongly affected by the physical and physico-chemical properties of the microenvironment, i.e. pore space topology (pore size, tortuosity, connectivity) and pore surface properties (surface charge, surface energy). Spatial decoupling of biological processes through the physical (spatial) separation of SOM, microorganisms and extracellular enzyme activity is apparently one of the most important factors leading to the protection and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils. However, it is largely unknown, if physical constraints can explain the very low turnover rates of organic carbon in subsoils. Hence, the objective of P4 is to combine the information from the physical structure of the soil (local bulk density, macropore structure, aggregation, texture gradients) with surface properties of particles or aggregate surfaces to obtain a comprehensive set of physical important parameters. It is the goal to determine how relevant these physical factors in the subsoil are to enforce the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsoil flow system during wetting and drying. Our hypothesis is that increasing water repellency enforces the moisture pattern heterogeneity caused already by geometrical factors. Pore space heterogeneity will be assessed by the bulk density patterns via x-ray radiography. Local pattern of soil moisture is evaluated by the difference of X-ray signals of dry and wet soil (project partner H.J. Vogel, UFZ Halle). With the innovative combination of three methods (high resolution X-ray radiography, small scale contact angle mapping, both applied to a flow cell shaped sample with undisturbed soil) it will be determined if the impact of water repellency leads to an increase in the hydraulic flow field heterogeneity of the unsaturated sample, i.e. during infiltration events and the following redistribution phase. An interdisciplinary cooperation within the research program is the important link which is realized by using the same flow cell samples to match the spatial patterns of physical, chemical, and biological factors in undisturbed subsoil. This cooperation with respect to spatial pattern analysis will include the analysis of enzyme activities within and outside of flow paths and the spatial distribution of key soil properties (texture, organic carbon, iron oxide content) evaluated by IR mapping. To study dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in soils of varying mineral composition and the selective association of DOM with mineral surfaces in context with recognized flow field pattern, we will conduct a central DOM leaching experiment and the coating of iron oxides which are placed inside the flow cell during percolation with marked DOM solution. Overall objective is to elucidate if spatial separation of degrading organisms and enzymes from the substrates may be interconnected with defined physical features of the soil matrix thus explaining subsoil SOM stability and -dynami
Der Ozean im Westpazifik ist mit Temperaturen von ganzjährig 30°C der wärmste Ozean der Welt. Im tropischen Westpazifik ist die Lufttemperatur der Grenzschicht weltweit am höchsten und die Ozonkonzentration am niedrigsten. Aufgrund der allgemeinen Advektion der Luftmassen in der unteren und mittleren Troposphäre aus dem Osten durch die Walker-Zirkulation über den Pazifik befindet sich die Luft über dem tropischen Westpazifik für längere Zeit in einer sauberen, warmen und feuchten Umgebung. Der Abbau von reaktiven Sauerstoff- und Ozonvorläufern wie NOx findet daher länger als anderswo in den Tropen, was zu sehr niedrigen Ozonkonzentrationen führte. Dies erhöht die Lebensdauer von kurzlebigen biogenen und anthropogenen Spurengasen. Darüber hinaus begünstigen hohe Meeresoberflächentemperaturen eine starke Konvektion im tropischen Westpazifik, was zu niedrigen Ozonmischungsverhältnissen in den konvektiven Ausflussgebieten in der oberen Troposphäre führen kann. Der Warmpool im Westpazifik ist auch eine wichtige Quellregion für stratosphärische Luft. Daher fallen die Region, in der die Lebensdauer kurzlebiger Spurengase erhöht ist, und die Quellregion der stratosphärischen Luft zusammen. Somit bestimmt die Zusammensetzung der troposphärischen Atmosphäre in dieser Region in hohem Maße auch die globale stratosphärische Zusammensetzung.Ozon ist aufgrund von Rückkopplungsprozessen zwischen Temperatur, Dynamik und Ozon ein wichtiges Spurengas in der Klimaforschung. Da der Warmpool im Westpazifik die Hauptquellenregion für stratosphärische Luft ist, ist die Kenntnis von Ozon und anderen kurzlebigen Spurengasen auch wichtig, um den Transport von Spurengasen in die Stratosphäre zu verstehen.Ziel unseres Projektes ist die Messung des Tagesgangs von Ozon und anderen Spurengasen mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden solaren Absorptions-FTIR-Spektroskopie. Die Messungen liefern die Gesamtsäulendichten von bis zu 20 Spurengasen. Für einige Spurengase erlaubt die Analyse der Spektrallinienform die Ableitung der Konzentrationsprofile in bis zu etwa vier atmosphärischen Höhenschichten. Ergänzt werden die Beobachtungen durch Ozonballonsondierungen, kontinuierliche Messungen der UV-Strahlung, und Modellrechnungen mit einem Chemie-Transport-Modell. Die Messungen sind für den Zeitraum August bis Oktober 2022 geplant, die Auswertung und Interpretation von November 2022 bis Januar 2023.
Outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to consumptions of fresh, or partially processed, agricultural products are a growing concern in industrialized and developing countries. The incidence of human pathogens on fresh fruits and vegetables is often related to the use of recycled wastewaster in surface irrigation as well as high amounts of animal manure in agricultural management practice. Thereby the soil inhabiting fauna plays an important role in the transport and dissemination of microorganisms. The focus of the proposed project is on nematodes, well known vectors for bacteria and viruses in soil. The major goals are to: (1) survey human pathogens in soil and on/in free-living and plant parasitic nematodes in agriculture field sites irrigated with recycled wastewater or fertilized with fresh animal manure in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, (2) assess the function of nematodes as vectors in transmitting bacteria from microbial hot spots to plants, and (3) localize bacteria on and/or within the nematode and identify bacterial factors required for survival in the nematode host. Understanding the mechanisms involved in dissemination of human pathogens by nematodes will enhance the ability to develop practical means to minimize contamination of fresh produce and increase safety in food production.
Soil microorganisms can mobilize and immobilize phosphorus (P), and therefore strongly affect the availability of P to plants. In this project we hypothesize that the ratio of labile P to microbial P increases during the transition from acquiring to recycling ecosystems. Microbial and plant P uptake will be studied with 33P that will be quantified in microbial and plant biomass as well as in lipids. To what extent microorganisms immobilize and mobilize P during decomposition of soil organic matter will be explored with a 14C/33P labeled monoester. Seasonal dynamics of actual and potential P mineralization (33P dilution and phosphatase activity), and microbial P immobilization will be studied with soils of the transition from acquiring to recycling ecosystems. The contribution of litter-derived P will be explored in a litter exclusion experiment in the field. Spatial patterns of microbial and plant P mineralization in the rhizosphere will be explored by analyses of areas of high acid and alkaline (=microbial-derived) phosphatase activity by soil zymography, and their relations with areas of high rhizodeposition (14C imaging). In conclusion, we will analyse mechanisms of actual and potential microbial P mineralization and immobilization, localization, and consequences for P uptake by plants.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.
Pollination is crucial for maintaining angiosperm biodiversity and represents one of the most important ecosystem services. With the increasing threats of massive insect decline, studying pollination and associated networks has become more important than ever. However, studying plant-pollinator interactions at a species level with morphological methodologies is time-consuming, expensive, and depends on exceptional taxonomic expertise. In this study, we target the plant-pollinator networks of two important crops (caraway and apple) using a combination of traditional methods with DNA barcoding and metabarcoding. With this approach, we can identify potential dipteran and hymenopteran pollinators and - from their pollen load's their associated plant species. This project is a collaboration between the ZFMK and the Agroecology and Organic Farming Group (INRES) at the University of Bonn and part of GBOL II.
The German dairy value chain is subject to profound structural change resulting in increasingly dominant agents at all stages of the chain, i.e. at the farm level, at the processors' level and at the retailers' level. In particular, the consolidation of retailers has increased retailers' bargaining power vis-à-vis their suppliers. Against this background, the overall objective of this subproject is to analyze the structural change in the dairy sector, particularly at the processors' level, by taking into account firms' strategic interactions along the entire dairy value chain. So far, there exists no theoretical workhorse model that allows for the analysis of interdependencies in a three-layer structure where imperfect competition is considered at all three stages. We aim to close this gap to understand how an increasingly dominant retail industry influences strategic decisions at the dairy processors' level which, in turn, may affect dairy farmers. Building upon a three-layer approach, we first examine whether processors have merger incentives to counter the retailers' bargaining power. We then analyze the differences between cooperatives and for-profit firms concerning their decision on product quality and the number of dairy suppliers. Finally, we assess the implications for upstream farmers which rounds off the picture of structural change in the German dairy sector.
| Organisation | Count |
|---|---|
| Bund | 1258 |
| Europa | 273 |
| Global | 3 |
| Land | 49 |
| Wissenschaft | 471 |
| Zivilgesellschaft | 10 |
| Type | Count |
|---|---|
| Förderprogramm | 1257 |
| unbekannt | 1 |
| License | Count |
|---|---|
| offen | 1257 |
| unbekannt | 1 |
| Language | Count |
|---|---|
| Deutsch | 526 |
| Englisch | 912 |
| Resource type | Count |
|---|---|
| Keine | 949 |
| Webseite | 309 |
| Topic | Count |
|---|---|
| Boden | 1002 |
| Lebewesen und Lebensräume | 1245 |
| Luft | 838 |
| Mensch und Umwelt | 1255 |
| Wasser | 842 |
| Weitere | 1258 |