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Impact of long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 on activity and populations of free living N2 fixing organisms in a temperate grassland system

The project aims at achieving a better understanding of the processes that drive or limit the response of grassland systems in a world of increasing atmospheric pCO2. We will test the hypothesis that the previously shown increase in below-ground allocation of C under elevated pCO2 provides the necessary energy excess and will stimulate free-living N2 fixers in a low N grassland environment. The project thus aims at assessing the occurrence and importance of free-living N2 fixers under elevated pCO2 and identify the associated microbial communities involved in order to better understand ecosystems response and sustainability of grassland systems. This project had the last opportunity to obtain soil samples from a grassland ecosystem adapted to long-term (10 year) elevated atmospheric pCO2 as the Swiss FACE experiment. The project aims to identify the relevant components of free-living diazotrophs of the microbial community using 15N stable isotope - DNA probing.

Visualisierung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften auf marinem Mikroplastik: Identifikation, Interaktionen und Auswirkungen

Marines Mikroplastik (MMP) ist eine zunehmende anthropogene Verschmutzung in den Meeren. Der Einfluss auf marine Tiere, durch Verfangen und verschlucken von Plastikmüll, ist bekannt. Aber der Einfluss von MMP auf Mikroorganismen, wie Bakterien, Archaeen und Protisten, die die Basis der Nahrungsnetze bilden, ist kaum verstanden. Auf Grund der besonderen Eigenschaften von MMP, kann es als neues Habitat und als Transportmittel für bestimmte u.a. auch gesundheitsgefährdende Mikroorganismen dienen, die über lange Distanzen bis in entlegene Regionen transportiert werden können. Darüber hinaus kann MMP das Zusammenleben von Mikroorganismen in enger Nachbarschaft ermöglichen und die Stoffwechselwege vieler verschiedener Verbindungen beeinflussen. Um den Einfluss von MMP und ihrer assoziierten Mikroorgansimen auf marine Ökosysteme zu verstehen, müssen wir die Zusammensetzung und Interaktionen von mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften auf MMP identifizieren und ihre globale Ausbreitung untersuchen. Ich möchte die Diversität und die räumliche Verteilung von mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften auf MMP charakterisieren. Proben von MMP wurde bereits von meinem Gastinstitut in verschiedenen Meeresregionen (Atlantik, Pazifik, Indischer Ozean) gesammelt. Mein Ziel ist es: 1) zu identifizieren, welche Mikroorganismen auf MMP vorkommen; 2) die lokale Verteilung und Struktur der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft auf MMP und in Experimenten auf Bioplastikpartikeln zu untersuchen; 3) zu verstehen, welche Mikroorganismen am stärksten mit der Polymer Oberfläche assoziiert sind; 4) herauszufinden, ob es charakteristische Mikrobiome auf MMP in verschiedenen Meeresregionen gibt und 5) zu untersuchen, welche Mikroorganismen MMP abbauen können. Die Chancen für die erfolgreiche Durchführung des vorgeschlagenen Projekts ist hoch, da präperierte Proben bereits in meinem Gastlabor vorhanden sind, an denen die innovative Mikroskopiertechnik namens CLASIFISH (Combinatorial Labelling and Spectral Imaging Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) angewandt werden kann. Diese Methode ermöglicht es viele verschiedene Mikroorganismen und ihre räumliche Verteilung auf einem Plastikpartikel schnell und präzise zu identifizieren. Ich möchte diese Methode an Proben aus dem Atlantik und Pazifik anwenden, sowie Mikroben identifizieren, die im offenen Ozean Plastik abbauen. Zusätzlich möchte ich Inkubationsexperimente mit Bakterienkulturen, die bereits auf Plastik identifiziert wurden und in meinem Gastinstitut zur Verfügung stehen, auf Bioplastikpartikeln durchführen. Mit diesen Experimenten möchte ich herausfinden, wie sich mikrobielle Gemeinschaften auf Bioplastik über die Zeit entwickeln und ob bzw. wie diese Mikroben Plastik abbauen. Für diese Inkubationsexperimente möchte ich FISH, CLASIFISH, scanning electron microscopy sowie metagenomische und metatranscriptomische Ansätze verwenden.

Vegetation dynamics following forest stand destruction by snow avalange in the Berchtesgaden National Park

On 18 Januar 1986 at the east-looking slope of the Kleiner Watzmann in the Berchtesgaden National Park a snow avalanche came down from an elevation of about 2.000 m to the Königssee near St. Bartholomae (610 m above see level). It destroyed 12 to 15 ha of old growth forests dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica); about 2.000 m3 of wood were thrown down. The soil survace was not intensively effected by the snow avalange. Because the area is situated in the central protection zone of the national park no clearing procedure was done, and a free stand develeopment without any direct impact of man is allowed to take place. In 1989 permanent plots (3 transects, each starting in the surrounding forest and crossing to avalanche area) were established. Vegetation and stand structure records were carried out in 1989, 1994 and 1999. Vegetation development in the first place is characterised by (1) a re-establishment of the tree layer by the (beech) trees, which were bent to the ground but not killed by the avalanche, (2) by seedling and sapling establishment (especially Acer and Fraxinus, but not by pioneer trees) and (3) by continuing floristic composition of the ground vegetation (coverage increasing or decresing depending on the light conditions).

Untersuchungen des Tagesgangs verschiedener Spurengase mit Hilfe der solaren Absorptionsspektroskopie im infraroten Spektralbereich im tropischen Westpazifik (TROPAC)

Der Ozean im Westpazifik ist mit Temperaturen von ganzjährig 30°C der wärmste Ozean der Welt. Im tropischen Westpazifik ist die Lufttemperatur der Grenzschicht weltweit am höchsten und die Ozonkonzentration am niedrigsten. Aufgrund der allgemeinen Advektion der Luftmassen in der unteren und mittleren Troposphäre aus dem Osten durch die Walker-Zirkulation über den Pazifik befindet sich die Luft über dem tropischen Westpazifik für längere Zeit in einer sauberen, warmen und feuchten Umgebung. Der Abbau von reaktiven Sauerstoff- und Ozonvorläufern wie NOx findet daher länger als anderswo in den Tropen, was zu sehr niedrigen Ozonkonzentrationen führte. Dies erhöht die Lebensdauer von kurzlebigen biogenen und anthropogenen Spurengasen. Darüber hinaus begünstigen hohe Meeresoberflächentemperaturen eine starke Konvektion im tropischen Westpazifik, was zu niedrigen Ozonmischungsverhältnissen in den konvektiven Ausflussgebieten in der oberen Troposphäre führen kann. Der Warmpool im Westpazifik ist auch eine wichtige Quellregion für stratosphärische Luft. Daher fallen die Region, in der die Lebensdauer kurzlebiger Spurengase erhöht ist, und die Quellregion der stratosphärischen Luft zusammen. Somit bestimmt die Zusammensetzung der troposphärischen Atmosphäre in dieser Region in hohem Maße auch die globale stratosphärische Zusammensetzung.Ozon ist aufgrund von Rückkopplungsprozessen zwischen Temperatur, Dynamik und Ozon ein wichtiges Spurengas in der Klimaforschung. Da der Warmpool im Westpazifik die Hauptquellenregion für stratosphärische Luft ist, ist die Kenntnis von Ozon und anderen kurzlebigen Spurengasen auch wichtig, um den Transport von Spurengasen in die Stratosphäre zu verstehen.Ziel unseres Projektes ist die Messung des Tagesgangs von Ozon und anderen Spurengasen mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden solaren Absorptions-FTIR-Spektroskopie. Die Messungen liefern die Gesamtsäulendichten von bis zu 20 Spurengasen. Für einige Spurengase erlaubt die Analyse der Spektrallinienform die Ableitung der Konzentrationsprofile in bis zu etwa vier atmosphärischen Höhenschichten. Ergänzt werden die Beobachtungen durch Ozonballonsondierungen, kontinuierliche Messungen der UV-Strahlung, und Modellrechnungen mit einem Chemie-Transport-Modell. Die Messungen sind für den Zeitraum August bis Oktober 2022 geplant, die Auswertung und Interpretation von November 2022 bis Januar 2023.

Forest management in the Earth system

The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.

Origin and fate of dissolved organic matter in the subsoil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.

Diffusion and advection with sorption of anions, cations and non-polar molecules in organo-clays at varying thermo-chemical conditions - validation by analytical methods and molecular simulation

The sorption of anions in geotechnical multibarrier systems of planned high level waste repositories (HLWR) and of non-ionic and organic pollutants in conventional waste disposals are in the center of recent research. In aquatic systems, persistent radionuclides such as 79Se, 99Tc, 129I exist in a form of anions. There is strongly increasing need to find materials with high sorption capacities for such pollutants. Specific requirements on barrier materials are long-term stability of adsorbent under various conditions such as T > 100 C, varying hydrostatic pressure, and the presence of competing ions. Organo-clays are capable to sorb high amounts of cations, anions and non-polar molecules simultaneously having selectivity for certain ions. This project is proposed to improve the understanding of sorption and desorption processes in organo-clays. Additionally, the modification of material properties under varying chemical and thermal conditions will be determined by performing diffusion and advection experiments. Changes by sorption and diffusion will be analyzed by determining surface charge and contact angles. Molecular simulations on models of organo-clays will be conducted in an accord with experiments with aim to understand and analyze experimental results. The computational part of the project will profit from the collaboration of German partner with the group in Vienna, which has a long standing experience in a modeling of clay minerals.

Erntezulassungsregister

Erntezulassungsregister Das Erntezulassungsregister enthält Daten zu den Beständen, die als ausgewähltes oder geprüftes Vermehrungsgut der Baumarten, die dem Gesetz über forstliches Saat- und Pflanzgut unterliegen, zugelassen sind. Das Register enthält für jede Zulassungseinheit ein Registerzeichen und Daten zu Lage, Eigentümer, Größe, ökologischen Grundlagen und Alter des jweils zugelassenen Bestandes. Das Register wird getrennt nach Baumart, Art, Kategorie und Zweck des zugelassenen Ausgangsmaterial für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen geführt.

Flood risk in a changing climate (CEDIM)

Aims: Floods in small and medium-sized river catchments have often been a focus of attention in the past. In contrast to large rivers like the Rhine, the Elbe or the Danube, discharge can increase very rapidly in such catchments; we are thus confronted with a high damage potential combined with almost no time for advance warning. Since the heavy precipitation events causing such floods are often spatially very limited, they are difficult to forecast; long-term provision is therefore an important task, which makes it necessary to identify vulnerable regions and to develop prevention measures. For that purpose, one needs to know how the frequency and the intensity of floods will develop in the future, especially in the near future, i.e. the next few decades. Besides providing such prognoses, an important goal of this project was also to quantify their uncertainty. Method: These questions were studied by a team of meteorologists and hydrologists from KIT and GFZ. They simulated the natural chain 'large-scale weather - regional precipitation - catchment discharge' by a model chain 'global climate model (GCM) - regional climate model (RCM) - hydrological model (HM)'. As a novel feature, we performed so-called ensemble simulations in order to estimate the range of possible results, i.e. the uncertainty: we used two GCMs with different realizations, two RCMs and three HMs. The ensemble method, which is quite standard in physics, engineering and recently also in weather forecasting has hitherto rarely been used in regional climate modeling due to the very high computational demands. In our study, the demand was even higher due to the high spatial resolution (7 km by 7 km) we used; presently, regional studies use considerably larger grid boxes of about 100 km2. However, our study shows that a high resolution is necessary for a realistic simulation of the small-scale rainfall patterns and intensities. This combination of high resolution and an ensemble using results from global, regional and hydrological models is unique. Results: By way of example, we considered the low-mountain range rivers Mulde and Ruhr and the more alpine Ammer river in this study, all of which had severe flood events in the past. Our study confirms that heavy precipitation events will occur more frequently in the future. Does this also entail an increased flood risk? Our results indicate that in any case, the risk will not decrease. However, each catchment reacts differently, and different models may produce different precipitation and runoff regimes, emphasizing the need of ensemble studies. A statistically significant increase of floods is expected for the river Ruhr in winter and in summer. For the river Mulde, we observe a slight increase of floods during summer and autumn, and for the river Ammer a slight decrease in summer and a slight increase in winter.

Nachweis von Seuchenerregern und pathogenen Mikroorganismen in Kuehlschmierstoffen

In Kuehlschmierstoffen aller Typen vermehren sich Bakterien und Pilze bis zu Koloniezahlen von 10exp(6) bis 10exp(8)/ml. Darmbakterien sowie Entzuendungserreger koennen in Mengen bis zu 10exp(5)/ml vorkommen. Systematische Untersuchungen auf die genannten Erreger fehlen ebenso bisher wie Kenntnisse ueber deren Vermehrungsbedingungen, z.B. in Abhaengigkeit vom Alter der Emulsionen.

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