Die Veränderung des globalen Wasserkreislaufs durch den Klimawandel ist eine der größten Herausforderungen für die Gesellschaft, da trockene Regionen trockener und feuchte Regionen feuchter werden. Das Problem besteht darin, dass 85 % der Verdunstung und 77 % der Niederschläge über den Ozeanen stattfinden und der globale Wasserkreislauf aufgrund der schwierigen Beobachtungsbedingungen über den Ozeanen nur unzureichend verstanden wird. Der Austausch von Süßwasser zwischen dem Ozean und der Atmosphäre findet jedoch in einer obersten dünnen Schicht der Meeresoberfläche statt, den so genannten Oberflächenfilm. Die Verdunstung von Wasserdampf aus den Oberflächenfilmen erhöht deren Salzgehalt, während der Niederschlag den Salzgehalt in den Oberflächenfilmen verringert. Das Hauptziel dieses Forschungsprojekts ist ein umfassendes Verständnis der Dynamik und der Veränderungen des Salzgehalts und der damit zusammenhängenden thermischen Felder in den ozeanischen Oberflächenfilmen und der oberflächennahen Schicht (NSL) sowie deren Zusammenhang mit den verdunstenden Süßwasserflüssen zu erzielen. Einer der Hauptpunkte dieser Arbeit ist, dass Süsswasserflüsse (Verdunstung minus Niederschlag) direkt auf die Meeresoberfläche einwirkt und daher vorwiegend den Salzgehalt der Oberflächenfilme quasi-instant beeinflusst, während die derzeitigen Methoden, die den Salzgehalt der gemischten Schicht verwenden, sich auf dekadischen Skalen beziehen. Eine umfassende Reihe von Experimenten wird in einer großmaßstäblichen Mesokosmenanlage an der Universität Oldenburg durchgeführt, in der die treibenden Kräfte für die Verdunstung kontrolliert werden können (Wassertemperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit, turbulente Vermischung, Lufttemperatur und -feuchtigkeit). Im Mittelpunkt steht eine Expedition in den Mittelatlantik mit seinem hohen Oberflächensalzgehalt, d. h. Verdunstungsraten übersteigen die Niederschlagsraten. Während der Expedition kommt ein funkgesteuertes Katamaran zum Einsatz, der in der Lage ist, Oberflächenfilme zu sammeln. Die Beobachtungen werden durch Messungen von Bojen, schiffsbasierten Messungen und Satelliten unterstützt. Die Arbeiten ergänzen die laufenden Aktivitäten zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen dem Salzgehalt der Oberflächenfilme und den Niederschlägen. Diese Arbeit ist ein erster Schritt, um zu verstehen, wie der Salzgehalt der Oberflächenfilme und der oberflächennahe Salzgehalt verwendet werden können, um dynamische Süsswasserflüsse zu integrieren und Parametrisierungen zur Extrapolation von Süsswasserflüssen unter Verwendung von satellitengestützten Salzgehaltsdaten zu entwickeln.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major source of subsoil organic matter (OM). P5 aims at quantifying the impact of DOM input, transport, and transformation to the OC storage in the subsoil environment. The central hypotheses of this proposal are that in matric soil the increasing 14C age of organic carbon (OC) with soil depth is due to a cascade effect, thus, leading to old OC in young subsoil, whereas within preferential flowpaths sorptive stabilization is weak, and young and bioa-vailable DOM is translocated to the subsoil at high quantities. These hypotheses will be tested by a combination of DOC flux measurements with the comparative analysis of the composition and the turnover of DOM and mineral-associated OM. The work programme utilizes a DOM monitoring at the Grinderwald subsoil observatory, supplemented by defined experiments under field and labora-tory conditions, and laboratory DOM leaching experiments on soils of regional variability. A central aspect of the experiments is the link of a 13C-leaf litter labelling experiment to the 14C age of DOM and OM. With that P5 contributes to the grand goal of the research unit and addresses the general hypotheses that subsoil OM largely consists of displaced and old OM from overlying horizons, the sorption capacity of DOM and the pool size of mineral-associated OM are controlled by interaction with minerals, and that preferential flowpaths represent 'hot spots' of high substrate availability.
For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.
It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Die Bergwälder der Ostanden gehören zu den artenreichsten terrestrischen Ökosystemen der Erde, zugleich stehen sie unter immensem Nutzungsdruck (Abholzung, Umwandlung in Weideland). In einem multidiszilinären Ansatz aus Bio-, Geo-, Forst- und Agrarwissenschaften - von der Ebene des Organismus ausgehend bis hin zur Landschaftsebene - wollen wir an einem ausgewählten, für Forschungen zugänglichen ostandinen Bergwald in Südecuador ein solches Ökosystem, sowie seine gebietstypischen, durch menschliches Wirtschaften entstandenen Ersatzformationen beispielhaft analysieren. Dabei gilt es im ersten Schritt wichtige geowissenschaftliche und biologische Eigenschaften des Systems (Klima, Boden, Verfügbarkeit von Wasser und Nährelementen, Struktur und Artenzusammensetzung der Vegetation sowie Vorkommen und Vielfalt tierischer und pilzlicher Schlüsselorganismen: Pollinatoren, Samenverbreiter, Herbivore und Destruenten) zu erfassen. Im zweiten Schritt wird die Funktionsweise wichtiger Teilsystem erschlossen (Stoffflüsse zwischen wichtigen Kompartimenten, Dynamik und Regenrationspotentiale der Vegetation in Wechselwirkung mit der Fauna und den abiotischen Randbedingungen). Darauf aufbauend wollen wir drittens Optionen entwickeln bzw. überprüfen für eine nachhaltige Nutzung, Erhaltung und - soweit möglich - Rehabilitation des Waldes. Diese Erkenntnisse werden über das Untersuchungsgebiet hinaus für das ökosystemare Verständnis und Management tropischer Bergwälder von genereller Bedeutung.
Irrigation in the Yanqi Basin, Sinkiang, China has led to water table rise and soil salination. A model is used to assess management options. These include more irrigation with groundwater, water saving irrigation techniques and others. The model relies on input data from remote sensing.The Yanqi Basin is located in the north-western Chinese province of Xinjiang.This agriculturally highly productive region is heavily irrigated with water drawn from the Kaidu River. The Kaidu River itself is mainly fed by snow and glacier melt from the Tian Mountain surrounding the basin. A very poor drainage system and an overexploitation of surface water have lead to a series of environmental problems: 1. Seepage water under irrigated fields has raised the groundwater table during the last years, causing strongly increased groundwater evaporation. The salt dissolved in the groundwater accumulates at the soil surface as the groundwater evaporates. This soil salinization leads to degradation of vegetation as well as to a loss of arable farmland. 2. The runoff from the Bostan Lake to the downstream Corridor is limited since large amount of water is used for irrigation in the Yanqi Basin. Nowadays, the runoff is maintained by pumping water from the lake to the river. The environmental and ecological system is facing a serious threat.In order to improve the situation in the Yanqi Basin, a jointly funded cooperation has been set up by the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , China Institute of Geological and Environmental Monitoring (CIGEM) and Xinjiang Agricultural University. The situation could in principle be improved by using groundwater for irrigation, thus lowering the groundwater table and saving unproductive evaporation. However, this is associated with higher cost as groundwater has to be pumped. The major decision variable to steer the system into a desirable state is thus the ratio of irrigation water pumped from the aquifer and irrigation water drawn from the river. The basis to evaluate the ideal ratio between river and groundwater - applied to irrigation - will be a groundwater model combined with models describing the processes of the unsaturated zone. The project will focus on the following aspects of research: (...)
The final goal of the EUROWET project is to integrate the substantial multidisciplinary European research in wetlands to help attain the sustainable management of the water cycle. This will be achieved by the translation of state-of-the art science developed at both national and European levels, into practical guidance for end-users. This will be achieved by a comprehensive review, expert assessment and a focussed dissemination strategy. There is considerable scientific knowledge and technical experience gained in diverse aspects of wetland science and management including hydrology, biogeochemistry, ecology restoration, socio-economic and policy analysis. However the results of research and management experience are still too fragmentary and not sufficiently orientated to problem-solving or simply inadequately framed to be effectively transferred to, or used by, stakeholders and policy-makers. Simultaneously the general outcome of the scientific research has been increased awareness of the significance of wetlands in delivering goods and services important for human welfare including quality of life, biodiversity conservation and maintenance or enhancement of environment quality. Despite this wetlands continue to be degraded and lost throughout Europe without adequate consideration of the wider benefits to be achieved from this management. The new Water Framework Directive (WFD) promotes a unique opportunity to redress this problem by means of the holistic, integrated approach to water management. There is currently in preparation horizontal guidance on Wetlands as part of the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) process. There is however work still to be done on providing more specific scientific and technical guidance on the effective implementation of the Directive with respect to wetlands. This is particularly the case in relation to Integrated River Management, the CIS cluster within which wetlands are being considered in the WFD.