Bei Waldbaumarten mit erheblicher Bedeutung fuer die Forstwirtschaft in Nordrhein-Westfalen sollen im Wege der Selektions- und Kombinationszuechtung genetische Verbesserungen hinsichtlich Leistungsfaehigkeit und Widerstandskraft erzielt und baldmoeglichst in die Praxis umgesetzt werden. Hierzu gehoert die Entwicklung und Anwendung geeigneter Vermehrungsverfahren.
In recent years science has taken an increased interest in mineralization processes in tropical soils in particular under minimal tillage operations. Plant litter quality and management strongly affect mineralization-nitrification processes in soil and hence the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems and the environment. Plant secondary metabolites like lignin and polyphenols are poorly degradable and interact with proteins (protein binding capacity) and hence protect them from microbial attack. Nitrification, a microbiological process, directly and indirectly influences the efficiency of recovery of N in the vegetation as well as the loss of N (through denitrification and leaching) causing environmental pollution to water bodies and contributes to global warming (e.g. the greenhouse gas N2O is emitted as a by-product of nitrification and denitrification). Nitrifiers comprise a relatively narrow species diversity (at least as known to date) and are generally thought to be sensitive to low soil pH and stress. Despite these properties nitrification occurs in acid tropical soils with high levels of aluminium and manganese. Thus the main objective of the project will be the identification of micro-organisms and mechanisms responsible for mineralization-nitrification processes in acid tropical soils and the influence of long-term litter input of different chemical qualities and minimal tillage options. The project will include the use of stable isotopes (15N, 13C), mass spectrometry, gas chromatography (CO2, N2O), biochemical methods (PLFA) and molecular biology (16s rRNA., PCR, DGGE)
The German dairy value chain is subject to profound structural change resulting in increasingly dominant agents at all stages of the chain, i.e. at the farm level, at the processors' level and at the retailers' level. In particular, the consolidation of retailers has increased retailers' bargaining power vis-à-vis their suppliers. Against this background, the overall objective of this subproject is to analyze the structural change in the dairy sector, particularly at the processors' level, by taking into account firms' strategic interactions along the entire dairy value chain. So far, there exists no theoretical workhorse model that allows for the analysis of interdependencies in a three-layer structure where imperfect competition is considered at all three stages. We aim to close this gap to understand how an increasingly dominant retail industry influences strategic decisions at the dairy processors' level which, in turn, may affect dairy farmers. Building upon a three-layer approach, we first examine whether processors have merger incentives to counter the retailers' bargaining power. We then analyze the differences between cooperatives and for-profit firms concerning their decision on product quality and the number of dairy suppliers. Finally, we assess the implications for upstream farmers which rounds off the picture of structural change in the German dairy sector.
Das Südchinesische Meer ist das größte Randmeer der Erde und ausschließlich von stark besiedelten Ländern wie China, Indonesien, Philippinen oder Vietnam umgeben. Klimaänderung und menschliche Einflüsse im Einzugsgebiet des Mekong (18 geplante Stauseen zu Stromgewinnung und Intensivierung der Aquakultur) werden die Flusseinträge drastisch verändern und in der Folge die Biogeochemie der Küstengewässer. Die Geschwindigkeit und Größenordnung dieser Veränderungen lassen es wahrscheinlich erscheinen, dass das hier geplante Feldprogramm eine der wenigen Gelegenheiten sein wird, dieses Meeresgebiet zu erfassen, bevor es sich grundlegend verändert hat. Die gegenwärtige Rolle der Nährstoffeinträge des Mekong für die Produktivität des Südchinesischen Meeres soll im Vergleich zu den Nährstoffeinträgen durch den Auftrieb während des SW Monsuns untersucht werden. Ergebnisse früherer Arbeiten von uns lassen vermuten, dass die Stickstofffixierung von Cyanobakterien, die in Symbiose mit Diatomeen vorkommen, eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Zudem gibt es einzellige und koloniebildende N-Fixierer wie Trichodesmium in der Flussfahne. Die Interaktion von stickstofffixierenden Organismen, die von den Einträgen des Mekong abzuhängen scheinen, ist bislang nicht verstanden und steht im Fokus dieses Projektes. Die Nährstoffzusammensetzung in Wasser und die Aufnahme von markierten Kohlenstoff und Stickstoffverbindungen wird in der Flussfahne und im Auftriebsgebiet quantifiziert. Zudem wird auf Zellebene der Austausch von Stickstoff und Kohlenstoff zwischen Diatomeen und ihren stickstofffixierenden Symbionten mittels NanoSIMS analysiert. Zeitgleich wird die Gemeinschaft der Stickstofffixierer entlang der Flussfahne und im offenen südchinesischen Meer von amerikanischen und vietnamesischen Kollegen durch genomische, molekularbiologische und taxonomische Methoden erfasst. In der Synthesephase des Projektes soll durch die Zusammenführung aller Ergebnisse ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis des menschlichen Einflusses auf die Biogeochemie des Küstenmeeres vor Vietnam erreicht werden. Zwei Expeditionen in das Gebiet des Mekongausstroms sind bereits durch einen genehmigten Antrag des Schmidts Oceanographic Institute aus den USA abgesichert, so dass Probennahmen und Experimente an Board geplant werden können. Aufgrund des früheren, sehr erfolgreichen DFG finanzierten Vorhabens bestehen enge Kontakte zum Institute of Oceanography in Nha Trang, Vietnam, auf die hier aufgebaut wird.
Nutrient and water supply for organisms in soil is strongly affected by the physical and physico-chemical properties of the microenvironment, i.e. pore space topology (pore size, tortuosity, connectivity) and pore surface properties (surface charge, surface energy). Spatial decoupling of biological processes through the physical (spatial) separation of SOM, microorganisms and extracellular enzyme activity is apparently one of the most important factors leading to the protection and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils. However, it is largely unknown, if physical constraints can explain the very low turnover rates of organic carbon in subsoils. Hence, the objective of P4 is to combine the information from the physical structure of the soil (local bulk density, macropore structure, aggregation, texture gradients) with surface properties of particles or aggregate surfaces to obtain a comprehensive set of physical important parameters. It is the goal to determine how relevant these physical factors in the subsoil are to enforce the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsoil flow system during wetting and drying. Our hypothesis is that increasing water repellency enforces the moisture pattern heterogeneity caused already by geometrical factors. Pore space heterogeneity will be assessed by the bulk density patterns via x-ray radiography. Local pattern of soil moisture is evaluated by the difference of X-ray signals of dry and wet soil (project partner H.J. Vogel, UFZ Halle). With the innovative combination of three methods (high resolution X-ray radiography, small scale contact angle mapping, both applied to a flow cell shaped sample with undisturbed soil) it will be determined if the impact of water repellency leads to an increase in the hydraulic flow field heterogeneity of the unsaturated sample, i.e. during infiltration events and the following redistribution phase. An interdisciplinary cooperation within the research program is the important link which is realized by using the same flow cell samples to match the spatial patterns of physical, chemical, and biological factors in undisturbed subsoil. This cooperation with respect to spatial pattern analysis will include the analysis of enzyme activities within and outside of flow paths and the spatial distribution of key soil properties (texture, organic carbon, iron oxide content) evaluated by IR mapping. To study dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in soils of varying mineral composition and the selective association of DOM with mineral surfaces in context with recognized flow field pattern, we will conduct a central DOM leaching experiment and the coating of iron oxides which are placed inside the flow cell during percolation with marked DOM solution. Overall objective is to elucidate if spatial separation of degrading organisms and enzymes from the substrates may be interconnected with defined physical features of the soil matrix thus explaining subsoil SOM stability and -dynami
Langjährige Pegelaufzeichnungen aus dem Gebiet der südöstlichen Nordsee zeigen seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts signifikante Veränderungen im lokalen Tideregime. Während der mittlere Meeresspiegel (englisch: Mean Sea Level, MSL) über die vergangenen 150 Jahre generell dem globalen Mittel gefolgt ist, deuten Auswertungen der mittleren Tidehoch- und Tideniedrigwasser auf signifikant abweichende Trends hin. So sind die Tidehochwasser signifikant schneller als der MSL angestiegen, während die Tideniedrigwasser deutlich geringere oder teils negative Trends aufzeigen. Daraus resultierte eine gleichzeitige Zunahme des Tidehubs (die Differenz aus Tidehoch- und Tideniedrigwasser) von ca. 10 % seit 1955. Derartige Veränderungen haben direkte Auswirkungen auf den Küstenschutz. So ergeben sich bei einem Anstieg der mittleren Tidehochwasser größere Wassertiefen, wodurch das Wellenklima insbesondere im Bereich der Wattflächen und Außensände in der Deutschen Bucht beeinflusst wird. Größere Wellenhöhen und damit höhere Orbitalgeschwindigkeiten und Brandungsenergien sind die unmittelbare Folge, die zu großflächigen Erosionen führen kann. Gleichzeitig beeinflussen geringere Tideniedrigwasser die Schiffbarkeit der flachen Küstengewässer. Durch den vergrößerten Tidehub treten größere Tidestromgeschwindigkeiten auf, die z.B. Ausräumungen der Tiderinnen, verstärkte Erosionen an Inselsockeln, Strandräumungen und im Zusammenhang mit Sturmfluten Dünen- und Kliffabbrüchen verursachen können. Dies verdeutlicht, dass neben den global wirkenden übergeordneten Veränderungen im MSL (Massenänderungen, thermale Expansion) auch regionale Phänomene und Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle für die Ausprägung der Wasserstände spielen. Eine Berücksichtigung solcher Faktoren in den Projektionen zukünftiger Wasserstände setzt voraus, dass vergangene Entwicklungen und zugrunde liegende Prozesse ausreichend verstanden sind. Das übergeordnete Ziel von TIDEDYN besteht daher in der Analyse der in der Vergangenheit bereits aufgetreten Veränderungen im lokalen Tideregime der Nordsee. Die beobachtete Zunahme des Tidehubs ist in ihrer starken Ausprägung ein weltweit einzigartiges Phänomen, welches bis heute nicht erklärt werden kann. Als mögliche (aber bisher unerforschte) Ursachen kommen z.B. langfristige Änderungen im MSL, morphologische Änderungen im Küstenvorfeld (natürlich oder anthropogen, z.B. Ausbaggerungen oder Baumaßnahmen wie Eindeichungen) oder saisonale Änderungen in der thermohalinen Schichtung des Ozeans in Frage. Durch die integrierte Analyse von hochauflösenden numerischen Modellen (barotrop und baroklin) und Beobachtungsdaten mit robusten Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse, sollen die Änderungen im Tideregime der Nordsee über die vergangen 60-70 Jahre beschrieben, modelliert und systematisch erforscht werden sowie einzelne Prozesse mittels Sensitivitätsstudien voneinander abgegrenzt werden.
Recent and predicted increases in extremely dry and hot summers emphasise the need for silvicultural approaches to increase the drought tolerance of existing forests in the short-term, before adaptation through species changes may be possible. We aim to investigate whether resistance during droughts, as well as the recovery following drought events (resilience), can be increased by allocating more growing space to individual trees through thinning. Thinning increases access of promoted trees to soil stored water, as long as this is available. However, these trees may also be disadvantaged through a higher transpirational surface, or the increased neighbourhood competition by ground vegetation. To assess whether trees with different growing space differ in drought tolerance, tree discs and cores from thinning experiments of Pinus sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menziesii stands will be used to examine transpirational stress and growth reduction during previous droughts as well as their subsequent recovery. Dendroecology and stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in tree-rings will be used to quantify how assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were altered through thinning. The results will provide crucial information for the development of short-term silvicultural adaptation strategies to adapt forest ecosystems to climate change. In addition, this study will improve our understanding of the relationship between resistance and resilience of trees in relation to extreme stress events.
The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
Soil microorganisms can mobilize and immobilize phosphorus (P), and therefore strongly affect the availability of P to plants. In this project we hypothesize that the ratio of labile P to microbial P increases during the transition from acquiring to recycling ecosystems. Microbial and plant P uptake will be studied with 33P that will be quantified in microbial and plant biomass as well as in lipids. To what extent microorganisms immobilize and mobilize P during decomposition of soil organic matter will be explored with a 14C/33P labeled monoester. Seasonal dynamics of actual and potential P mineralization (33P dilution and phosphatase activity), and microbial P immobilization will be studied with soils of the transition from acquiring to recycling ecosystems. The contribution of litter-derived P will be explored in a litter exclusion experiment in the field. Spatial patterns of microbial and plant P mineralization in the rhizosphere will be explored by analyses of areas of high acid and alkaline (=microbial-derived) phosphatase activity by soil zymography, and their relations with areas of high rhizodeposition (14C imaging). In conclusion, we will analyse mechanisms of actual and potential microbial P mineralization and immobilization, localization, and consequences for P uptake by plants.
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