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Reststoffbereitstellung/ Reststoffaufbereitung, TP1.2: Aufbau der Wertschöpfungskette Spreustroh im Technikums Maßstab zur Bereitstellung von Biomassehalbzeugen als Ausgangsbasis für Anwender

Nachhaltigkeit von Verpackungssystemen für Obst- und Gemüsetransporte in Europa basierend auf einer Lebenszyklusanalyse - Aktualisierung 2009

Die Stiftung Initiative Mehrweg hat erstmals im Jahr 2006 eine Studie zur Nachhaltigkeit von Verpackungssystemen für Obst- und Gemüsetransporte in Europa basierend auf einer Lebenszyklusanalyse in Auftrag gegeben, mit dem Ziel gebräuchliche Verpackungssysteme für Obst und Gemüse in Europa auf die mit ihrer Verwendung verbundenen Umweltauswirkungen zu untersuchen und miteinander zu vergleichen. Darüber hinaus sollten Erkenntnisse zu den Kosten und zu ausgewählten sozialen Faktoren gewonnen werden, um dem Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit gerecht zu werden. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie wurden 2009 nochmals überprüft und aktualisiert. Die Studie wurde von der Abteilung Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung (GaBi) der Universität Stuttgart und der PE International erstellt. Es handelt sich bei der Untersuchung der ökologischen Auswirkungen um eine vergleichende Ökobilanz im Sinne der DIN EN ISO 14040 ff, was durch einen Critical Review bestätigt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile für die Mehrwegsysteme.

Die vertikale Dimension des Naturschutzes: Ein kostengünstiger Plan zur Einbeziehung unterirdischer Ökosysteme in die Biodiversitäts- und Klimaschutzagenden nach 2020

Subterrane Ökosysteme beherbergen eine breite Vielfalt spezialisierter und endemischer Organismen, die einen einzigartigen Bruchteil der globalen Vielfalt ausmachen. Darüber hinaus leisten sie entscheidende Beiträge der Natur für die Menschen – insbesondere die Bereitstellung von Trinkwasser für mehr als die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung. Diese unsichtbaren Ökosysteme werden jedoch bei den Biodiversitäts- und Klimaschutzzielen für die Zeit nach 2020 übersehen. Nur 6,9 % der bekannten subterranen Ökosysteme überschneiden sich mit dem ´Netzwerk von Schutzgebieten. Zwei Haupthindernisse sind für diesen Mangel an Schutz verantwortlich. Erstens bleiben subterrane Biodiversitätsmuster weitgehend unkartiert. Zweitens fehlt uns ein mechanistisches Verständnis der Reaktion subterraner Arten auf vom Menschen verursachte Störungen. Das DarCo-Projekt zielt darauf ab, subterrane Biodiversität in ganz Europa zu kartieren und einen expliziten Plan zur Einbeziehung subterraner Ökosysteme in die Biodiversitätsstrategie der Europäischen Union (EU) für 2030 zu entwickeln. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir ein multidisziplinäres Team führender Wissenschaftler in subterraner Biologie und Makroökologie zusammengestellt und Naturschutz aus einem breiten Spektrum europäischer Länder. Das Projekt gliedert sich in drei Arbeitspakete, die der direkten Forschung gewidmet sind (WP2-4), plus ein viertes (WP5), das darauf abzielt, die Verbreitung der Ergebnisse und das Engagement der Interessengruppen für die praktische Umsetzung des Naturschutzes zu maximieren. Zunächst werden wir durch die Zusammenstellung bestehender Datenbanken und die Nutzung eines kapillaren Netzwerks internationaler Mitarbeiter Verbreitungsdaten, Merkmale und Phylogenien für alle wichtigen subterranen Tiergruppen sammeln, einschließlich Krebstiere, Mollusken, Insekten und Wirbeltiere (WP2). Diese Daten werden dazu dienen, die Reaktionen von Arten auf menschliche Bedrohungen mithilfe der hierarchischen Modellierung von Artengemeinschaften (WP3) vorherzusagen. Die Vorhersagen der Modelle zur Veränderung der biologischen Vielfalt werden die Grundlage für eine erste dynamische Kartierung des subterranen Lebens in Europa bilden. Durch die Verschneidung von Karten von Diversitätsmustern, Bedrohungen und Schutzgebieten werden wir einen Plan zum Schutz der subterranen Biodiversität entwerfen, der das aktuelle EU-Netzwerk von Schutzgebieten (Natura 2000) ergänzt und gleichzeitig klimabedingte Veränderungen in subterranen Ökoregionen berücksichtigt (WP4). Schließlich versuchen wir durch gezielte Aktivitäten in WP5, das gesellschaftliche Bewusstsein für subterrane Ökosysteme zu schärfen und Interessengruppen einzuladen, die subterrane Biodiversität in multilaterale Vereinbarungen einzubeziehen. In Übereinstimmung mit dem europäischen Plan S werden wir alle Daten offen und wiederverwendbar machen, indem wir eine zentralisierte und offene Datenbank zum subterranen Leben entwickeln – die Subterranean Biodiversity Platform.

Einrichtung eines laenderuebergreifenden Pool-Systems fuer Mehrwegverpackungen zur Schonung der Umwelt

Das internationale Pool-System fuer Mehrwegfischtransportverpackungen ist aufgebaut und etabliert sich zunehmend im Markt. 1996 konnten ueber 1,6 Mio. Vermietungen von Mehrwegboxen erzielt werden. Zur Zeit wird noch an der Entwicklung einer massgeschneiderten EDV-Loesung fuer unser internationales Mehrwegsystem gearbeitet.

LegacyVegetation: Northern Hemisphere reconstruction of past plant cover and total tree cover from pollen archives of the last 14 ka

This data set presents the reconstructed vegetation cover for 2773 sites based on harmonized pollen data from the data set LegacyPollen 2.0 (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.965907). 1040 sites are located in North America, 1287 in Europe, and 446 in Asia. Sugita's REVEALS model (2007) was applied to all pollen records using REVEALSinR from the DISQOVER package (Theuerkauf et al. 2016). Pollen counts were translated into vegetation cover by accounting for taxon-specific pollen productivity and fall speed. Additionally, relevant source areas of pollen were calculated using the aforementioned taxon-specific parameters and a Gaussian plume model for deposition and dispersal. Values for relative pollen productivity and fall speed from the synthesis from Wiezcorek and Herzschuh (2010) were updated with recent studies used to reconstruct vegetation cover. The average values from all Northern Hemisphere values were used where taxon-specific continental values were unavailable. As REVEALS was conceived to reconstruct vegetation from large lakes, only records originating from large lakes (>= 50h) are marked as "valid as site" in the dataset. Reconstructions from other records can be used when spatially averaging several together. An example script to do so is provided on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12800290). Reconstructed tree cover was validated using modern Landsat remote sensing forest cover. Reconstructed tree cover has much lower errors than the original arboreal pollen percentages. Reconstructions of individual taxa are more uncertain. We present tables with reconstructed vegetation cover for all continents with original parameters. As further details, we list a table with the taxon-specific parameters used, metadata for all records, and a list of parameters adjusted in the default version of REVEALSinR.

Global optimized REVEALS reconstruction of past vegetation cover for taxonomically harmonized pollen data sets

This data set presents the reconstructed vegetation cover for 3083 sites based on harmonized pollen data from the data set LegacyPollen 2.0 (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.965907) and optimized RPP values. 1115 sites are located in North America, 1435 in Europe, and 533 in Asia. Sugita's REVEALS model (2007) was applied to all pollen records using REVEALSinR from the DISQOVER package (Theuerkauf et al. 2016). Pollen counts were translated into vegetation cover by taking into account taxon-specific pollen productivity and fall speed. Additionally, relevant source areas of pollen were also calculated using the aforementioned taxon-specific parameters and a gaussian plume model for deposition and dispersal. In this optimized reconstruction, relative pollen productivity estimates for the ten most common taxa were first optimized by using reconstructed tree cover from modern pollen samples and LANDSAT remotely sensed tree cover (Townshend 2016) for North America, Europe, and Asia. Values for non-optimized taxa for relative pollen productivity and fall speed were taken from the synthesis from Wiezcorek and Herzschuh (2020). The average values from all Northern Hemisphere values were used where taxon-specific continental values were not available. We present tables with optimized reconstructed vegetation cover for all Europe, North America and Asia. As further details we list a table with the taxon-specific parameters used and a list of parameters adjusted in the default version of REVEALSinR.

LegacyVegetation: Asian reconstruction of past plant cover and total tree cover from pollen archives of the last 14 ka

This data set presents the reconstructed vegetation cover for 446 Asian sites based on harmonized pollen data from the data set LegacyPollen 2.0. Sugita's REVEALS model (2007) was applied to all pollen records using REVEALSinR from the DISQOVER package (Theuerkauf et al. 2016). Pollen counts were translated into vegetation cover by accounting for taxon-specific pollen productivity and fall speed. Additionally, relevant source areas of pollen were calculated using the aforementioned taxon-specific parameters and a Gaussian plume model for deposition and dispersal. Values for relative pollen productivity and fall speed from the synthesis from Wiezcorek and Herzschuh (2010) were updated with recent studies used to reconstruct vegetation cover. The average values from all Northern Hemisphere values were used where taxon-specific continental values were unavailable. As REVEALS was conceived to reconstruct vegetation from large lakes, only records originating from large lakes (>= 50h) are marked as "valid as site" in the dataset. Reconstructions from other records can be used when spatially averaging several together. An example script to do so is provided on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12800290). Reconstructed tree cover was validated using modern Landsat remote sensing forest cover. Reconstructed tree cover has much lower errors than the original arboreal pollen percentages. Reconstructions of individual taxa are more uncertain. We present tables with reconstructed vegetation cover for all continents with original parameters. As further details, we list a table with the taxon-specific parameters used, metadata for all records, and a list of parameters adjusted in the default version of REVEALSinR.

REVEALS reconstruction of past vegetation cover with optimized RPP values for Asian samples

This data set presents the reconstructed vegetation cover for 706 Asian sites based on harmonized pollen data from the data set LegacyPollen 2.0 and optimized RPP values. Sugita's REVEALS model (2007) was applied to all pollen records using REVEALSinR from the DISQOVER package (Theuerkauf et al. 2016). Pollen counts were translated into vegetation cover by taking into account taxon-specific pollen productivity and fall speed. Additionally, relevant source areas of pollen were also calculated using the aforementioned taxon-specific parameters and a gaussian plume model for deposition and dispersal and forest cover was reconstructed. In this optimized reconstruction, relative pollen productivity estimates for the ten most common taxa were first optimized by using reconstructed tree cover from modern pollen samples and LANDSAT remotely sensed tree cover (Sexton et al. 2013) for Asia. Values for non-optimized taxa for relative pollen productivity and fall speed were taken from the synthesis from Wiezcorek and Herzschuh (2020). The average values from all Northern Hemisphere values were used where taxon-specific continental values were not available. We present tables with optimized reconstructed vegetation cover for records in Asia. As further details we list a table with the taxon-specific parameters used and a list of parameters adjusted in the default version of REVEALSinR.

Pollen-based climate reconstructions and syntheses in Europe

A fossil pollen dataset distributed across Europe (10° W - 43° E, 33° - 71° N) comprising 520 records was extracted from the LegacyPollen 1.0 database (Herzschuh et al., 2022) to reconstruct climatic variables including Annual temperature (TANN), Annual precipitation (PANN), Winter Temperature (December, January, February; TDJF), Summer Temperature (June, July, August; TJJA). Short records not reaching beyond 1 ka BP were also excluded to keep the dataset refined, as the syntheses aim to cover the entire Holocene (i.e., 11-1 ka BP). The modern pollen training dataset was integrated from Legacy Climate 1.0 (Herzschuh et al., 2023) and the EMPD2 (Davis et al., 2020). Two different approaches were applied in parallel to reconstruct climate variables from fossil pollen assemblages, namely Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) and Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares (WAPLS). Reconstruction uncertainties were provided as Root Mean Squared Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs). All the reconstructions and tests were conducted using the rioja and analogue packages in R (R Core Team, 2019). The synthesized results were interpolated from all reconstructed climate records. The mean value of reconstructed climatic variables with the same ages was calculated before any interpolations. Due to the different chronological resolution of the time series, the sequences were then interpolated to equidistant time series of 50-year intervals. Two different interpolation methods were applied in R. The first is to use the interp.dataset function from rioja package with loess regression to interpolate the dataset as a whole. The second is to interpolate each complete record that can cover the Holocene (i.e., 11-1 ka) and has a mean resolution of less than 1ka separately using the corit package with linear regression and then calculate the mean of these records. To perform the latter interpolation, a total of 214 records covering the entire period between 11-1 ka BP were used. The Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs) were calculated for the synthesis results.

Dissolved major element (Ca, Sr, Mg, K, Li) concentration data of the western Atlantic Ocean meridional section GA02 (GEOTRACES) and Arctic Ocean cruise JR271 (BODC)

This dataset presents salinity-normalized dissolved major element (Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Li) concentrations in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Atlantic samples were collected along the western meridional GEOTRACES section GA02 comprised of cruises JR057 (Punta Arenas (Chile) 02-03-2011 to Las Palmas (Spain) 06-04-2011 ), PE321 (Bermuda 11-06-2010 to Fortaleza (Brazil) 08-07-2010), PE319 (Scrabster 28-04-2010 to Bermuda 25-05-2010), and PE358 (Reykjavik (Iceland) 29-07-2012 to Texel (Netherlands) 19-08-2012). Samples for dissolved major ions were sub-sampled from trace metal sample collection stored at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Samples for the Arctic Ocean were collected on BODC cruise JR271 (Immingham 01-06-2012 to Reykjavik 02-07-2012). Samples were analysed for Na, Ca, Mg, K, Li and Sr using a Varian-720 ES ICP-OES. Samples were diluted by a factor of 78-82 in 0.12 M HCl to the same final salinity. Multiple spectral lines were selected for each element, and samples were corrected for instrumental drift by sample-standard bracketing with IAPSO P157 diluted to the same final salinity. Calibration was performed on 7 dilutions of IAPSO P157. Element-to-sodium ratios were calculated for all combinations of spectral lines. Assuming a constant Na-to-salinity (PSU)=35 ratio, the element/Na ratios were multiplied by 0.46847 µmol kg-1 to obtain the salinity (PSU)-normalized element concentration, and by the ratio of practical to absolute salinity (TEOS-10). The TEOS-10 absolute salinities were calculated from EOS-80 values using the Gibb's Oceanographic Toolbox using the R package 'gsw' (v 1.1-1).

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