This dataset contains geochemical variables measured in six depth profiles from ombrotrophic peatlands in North and Central Europe. Peat cores were taken during the spring and summer of 2022 from Amtsvenn (AV1), Germany; Drebbersches Moor (DM1), Germany; Fochteloër Veen (FV1), the Netherlands; Bagno Kusowo (KR1), Poland; Pichlmaier Moor (PI1), Austria and Pürgschachen Moor (PM1), Austria. The cores AV1, DM1 and KR1 were taken using a Wardenaar sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands) and had diameter of 10 cm. The cores FV1, PM1 and PI1 had an 8 cm diameter and were obtained using an Instorf sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). The cores FV1, DM1 and KR1 were 100 cm, core AV1 was 95 cm, core PI1 was 85 cm and core PM1 was 200 cm. The cores were subsampeled in 1 cm (AV1, DM1, KR1, FV1) and 2 cm (PI1, PM1) sections. The subsamples were milled after freeze drying in a ballmill using tungen carbide accesoires. X-Ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF; ZSX Primus II, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine Al (μg g-1), As (μg g-1), Ba (μg g-1), Br (μg g-1), Ca (g g-1), Cl (μg g-1), Cr (μg g-1), Cu (μg g-1), Fe (g g-1), K (g g-1), Mg (μg g-1), Mn (μg g-1), Na (μg g-1), P (μg g-1), Pb (μg g-1), Rb (μg g-1), S (μg g-1), Si (μg g-1), Sr (μg g-1), Ti (μg g-1) and Zn (μg g-1). These data were processed and calibrated using the iloekxrf package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024) in R. C, N and their stable isotopes were determined using an elemental analyser linked to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-3000, Eurovector, Pavia, Italy & Nu Horizon, Nu Instruments, Wrexham, UK). C and N were given in units g g-1 and stable isotopes were given as δ13C and δ15N for stable isotopes of C and N, respectively. Raw data C, N and stable isotope data were calibrated with certified standard and blank effects were corrected with the ilokeirms package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024). Using Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (Agilent Cary 670 FTIR spectromter, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca, USA) humification indices (HI) were determined. Spectra were recorded from 600 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 with a resolution of 2 cm-1 and baselines corrected with the ir package (Teickner, 2025) to estimate relative peack heights. The HI (no unit) for each sample was calculated by taking the ratio of intensities at 1630 cm-1 to the intensities at 1090 cm-1. Bulk densities (g cm-3) were estimated from FT-MIR data (Teickner et al., in preparation).
This data set presents the reconstructed vegetation cover for 2773 sites based on harmonized pollen data from the data set LegacyPollen 2.0 (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.965907). 1040 sites are located in North America, 1287 in Europe, and 446 in Asia. Sugita's REVEALS model (2007) was applied to all pollen records using REVEALSinR from the DISQOVER package (Theuerkauf et al. 2016). Pollen counts were translated into vegetation cover by accounting for taxon-specific pollen productivity and fall speed. Additionally, relevant source areas of pollen were calculated using the aforementioned taxon-specific parameters and a Gaussian plume model for deposition and dispersal. Values for relative pollen productivity and fall speed from the synthesis from Wiezcorek and Herzschuh (2010) were updated with recent studies used to reconstruct vegetation cover. The average values from all Northern Hemisphere values were used where taxon-specific continental values were unavailable. As REVEALS was conceived to reconstruct vegetation from large lakes, only records originating from large lakes (>= 50h) are marked as "valid as site" in the dataset. Reconstructions from other records can be used when spatially averaging several together. An example script to do so is provided on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12800290). Reconstructed tree cover was validated using modern Landsat remote sensing forest cover. Reconstructed tree cover has much lower errors than the original arboreal pollen percentages. Reconstructions of individual taxa are more uncertain. We present tables with reconstructed vegetation cover for all continents with original parameters. As further details, we list a table with the taxon-specific parameters used, metadata for all records, and a list of parameters adjusted in the default version of REVEALSinR.
Der Klimawandel während der mittelalterlichen Klimaanomalie (MCA) und der kleinen Eiszeit (LIA) führte zur Ausdehnung bzw. Verringerung der hypoxischen Bodenbedeckung in der Ostsee. Hier schlagen wir eine Modellierungsstudie vor, um Mechanismen, durch die der Klimawandel zu den beobachteten Trends geführt hat, systematisch zu analysieren und Modellergebnisse anhand von geochemischen Sedimentkerndaten zu validieren. Das Zusammenspiel zwischen physikalischen und biogeochemischen Prozessen führt zu einer komplexen Dynamik, die den Sauerstoffgehalt in der Ostsee steuert. Die Sedimente spielen eine wichtige Rolle, indem sie sowohl als Quelle als auch als Senke für Phosphat fungieren, das den wichtigsten biolimitierenden Nährstoff bildet. Es ist jedoch kaum bekannt, wie der Klimawandel während der MCA zur Ausbreitung von Hypoxie führte. Es wurden bereits verschiedene Auslöser vorgeschlagen, um die Ausbreitung der Hypoxie während der MCA zu erklären, wie z.B. eine erhöhte Produktion von Cyanobakterien unter wärmeren Bedingungen, eine erhöhte / verringerte Stratifikation aufgrund sich ändernder Niederschlagsmuster und eine sedimentäre Freisetzung von Phosphaten. Im ersten Teil des Projekts (Arbeitspaket AP1) werden wir ein modernes Ökosystemmodell verwenden, um Szenarien zu identifizieren, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Klimawandel und Hypoxie im Mittelalter erklären können. Das Modell wird durch die Implementierung eines frühen diagenetischen Moduls verbessert, das chemische Profile im Sediment vertikal auflösen kann (AP2). Für biogeochemische Reaktionen werden temperaturabhängige Ratenausdrücke implementiert. Das Sedimentmodul wird zunächst auf den aktuellen Zustand der Sedimente kalibriert (AP3). Szenarien aus AP1, die die Sauerstofftrends erfolgreich erklären können, werden anschließend in Modellläufen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart getestet (AP4). Die Simulation des Mittelalters kann durch verschiedene Sedimentproxies validiert werden, die Trends in den Redoxbedingungen des Tiefenwassers, in der Zufuhr von Metallen aus Schelfe in tiefere Becken, welche die Sequestrierung von Phosphat beeinflusst, und in der Menge an in Sedimenten erhaltenem Phosphor und organischer Substanz rekonstruieren können. Die erwarteten Ergebnisse des Projekts sind die Zuordnung der Ausbreitung von Hypoxie während der MCA zu einem Mechanismus und ein verbessertes Verständnis der Rolle der benthischen Dynamik, die die Eutrophierung als Reaktion auf den Klimawandel beeinflusst.
As global leaders head to the G20 summit to consider solutions to the current global economic crisis, a new report prepared by Ecofys and Germanwatch for WWF and E3G reveals that many of the economic recovery packages being discussed are a missed opportunity in terms of stimulating a green recovery, and actually run the risk of locking the world into a high-carbon future. The report provides the most detailed and comprehensive analysis to date of the proposed 'stimulus' packages of five key countries - France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US - as well as the package agreed by the European Union as a whole.
Das internationale Pool-System fuer Mehrwegfischtransportverpackungen ist aufgebaut und etabliert sich zunehmend im Markt. 1996 konnten ueber 1,6 Mio. Vermietungen von Mehrwegboxen erzielt werden. Zur Zeit wird noch an der Entwicklung einer massgeschneiderten EDV-Loesung fuer unser internationales Mehrwegsystem gearbeitet.
The EU Climate Policy Tracker (EU CPT) presents up-to-date developments in climate and energy policies in the EU-27. Although government policy is the single most influential driver behind the fight against climate change, there is limited information about the status of the policies that influence increases or decreases in emissions. The EU Climate Policy Tracker (EU CPT) is intended to bridge this gap. The project holds two references in focus at the same time: a 2050 goal of near total decarbonisation, and our current policy trajectory. A uniquely developed scoring method, modelled on appliance efficiency labels (A-G), gives an indication of how Member States are doing compared to a low-carbon policy package. This results in aggregated scores, supported with a rich background of information, for all Member States, at EU level, and for different economic sectors. The project is intended to be a resource for those seeking information, a means of sharing best practice, and a way of holding policymakers to account. In 2011 we updated our initial rating from November 2010. The findings of 2010 showed that the average score across the EU was an E, indicating that the level of effort needed to treble to be on track to reach the 2050 vision. Looking at the developments in 2011, we can see that there has been considerable activity in many countries, though the overall scoring has generally remained constant: positive actions are counteracted by negative developments or budget cuts. The EU CPT is a joint project by Ecofys and WWF. The project is funded by the European Climate Foundation. Visit the EU Climate Policy Tracker on: www.climatepolicytracker.eu.
Zur Herstellung fester, poroeser Werkstoffe im Verpackungsbereich findet das Prinzip der druckthermischen Verfestigung (Waffelbackverfahren) Anwendung. Verschiedene Staerkematerialien werden unter Zusatz weiterer Komponenten (z.B. Naturfaserstoffen) mit Wasser zu einer Masse vermischt, die zwischen beheizten Platten druckthermisch aufgeschaeumt und verfestigt wird. Erstmals wurde dieser Prozess durch Temperatur- und Druckverlaufsmessungen exakt beschrieben. Die gewonnene Prozesskenntnis ermoeglichte die Entwicklung eines thermodynamischen Modells, das den Herstellungsprozess mathematisch beschreibt. Im Ergebnis dessen kann z.B. der Einfluss der Produktdicke und der Zusammensetzung der Ausgangsmasse auf die Prozessparameter und die Produkteigenschaften ermittelt werden.
Das Abfuellen des Kosmetikums erfolgt hinter einer Plexiglasscheibe hygienisch abgeschirmt, dennoch sichtbar, so dass die zusaetzlichen Handgriffe, die bis zur Benutzung erfolgen muessen aufgrund der Aesthetik der Gefaesse und des Refillsystems sowie der Durchschaubarkeit des Abfuellvorgangs zu einem Teil des Gebrauchsrituals werden koennen. Das Verteilen der Funktionen von Einzelverpackungen auf Anlage, Gebrauchsvorgang, Kennzeichnung und individuell waehlbare, wiederholt verwendbare Mitbring-Gefaesse, insbesondere die Uebertragung der Funktion der Warenaesthetik, wird ueberzeugend geloest.
This subproject aims to analyze the fragmentation of forest policy at both an international and national level for the selected countries, employing a discourse analysis approach. It is split into two sub-subprojects (SSPs). 'SSPa' conducts an analysis of discursive genealogies of forest policy in Germany, Sweden, and the US. 'SSPb' investigates the history of forest related discourses in three global environmental policy processes (UNFF, CBD, and UNFCCC). In doing so, both SSPs follow a three step procedure: In the first work package, relevant literature is reviewed and a theoretical and analytical framework is developed. In the second work package, empirical data (mostly formal and informal policy documents) are gathered and analyzed. In the third work package, emphasis is placed on the role of political 'elites' in the creation of fragmented forest policy discourses at different levels; in-depth interviews with policy stakeholders and experts add another perspective to the analysis in this work package. The project is expected to develop a new understanding not only of the fragmentation of multi-level and multi-sector forest policy discourses, but also of the way in which 'discourse elites' interact with and within these discourses. The results of the work packages will be published in peer reviewed journals and discussed with policy stakeholders and scientists in conferences and workshops.
The CHAMP mission provided a great amount of geomagnetic data all over the globe from 2000 to 2010. Its dense data coverage has allowed us to build GRIMM - GFZ Reference Internal Magnetic Model - which has the highest ever resolution for the core field in both space and time. We have already modeled the fluid flow in the Earth's outer core by applying the diffusionless magnetic induction equation to the latest version of GRIMM, to find that the flow evolves on subdecadal timescales, with a remarkable correlation to the observed fluctuation of Earth rotation. These flow models corroborated the presence of six-year torsional oscillations in the outer core fluid. Torsional oscillation (TO) is a type of hydromagnetic wave, theoretically considered to form the most important element of decadal or subdecadal core dynamics. It consists of relative azimuthal rotations of rigid fluid annuli coaxial with the mantle's rotation and dynamically coupled with the mantle and inner core. In preceding works, the TOs have been studied by numerical simulations, either with full numerical dynamos, or solving eigenvalue problems ideally representing the TO system. While these studies drew insights about dynamical aspects of the modeled TOs, they did not directly take into account the observations of geomagnetic field and Earth rotation. Particularly, there have been no observation-based studies for the TO using satellite magnetic data or models. In the proposed project, we aim at revealing the subdecadal dynamics and energetics of the Earth's core-mantle system on the basis of satellite magnetic observations. To that end, we will carry out four work packages (1) to (4), for all of which we use GRIMM. (1) We perform timeseries analyses of core field and flow models, to carefully extract the signals from TOs at different latitudes. (2) We refine the conventional flow modeling scheme by parameterizing the magnetic diffusion at the core surface. Here, the diffusion term is reinstated in the magnetic induction equation, which is dynamically constrained by relating it to the Lorentz term in the Navier-stokes equation. (3) We develop a method to compute the electromagnetic core-mantle coupling torque on the core fluid annuli, whereby the energy dissipation due to the Joule heating is evaluated for each annulus. This analysis would provide insights on whether the Earth's TOs are free or forced oscillations. (4) Bringing together physical implications and computational tools obtained by (1) to (3), we finally construct a dynamical model for the Earth's TOs and core-mantle coupling such that they are consistent with GRIMM and Earth rotation observation. This modeling is unique in that the force balances concerning the TOs are investigated in time domain, as well as that the modeling also aims at improving the observation-based core flow model by considering the core dynamics.
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