Livestock by species. Counties, areas and provinces of Catalonia wich serves as the Spanish case study area within BESTMAP
Soil organisms in manure or organisms that colonize dung pats can be impacted by the application of veterinary medical products, especially parasiticides, to livestock. For this reason, the authorization process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and other countries includes a requirement for “higher-tier” tests when adverse effects on dung organisms can be detected in single-species toxicity tests. However, no guidance documents for the performance of higher-tier tests are available, so far. Therefore, an international research project was undertaken to develop and validate a proposed test method under varying field conditions of climate, soil, and endemic coprophilous fauna. The test took place at Lethbridge (Canada), Montpellier (France), Zurich (Switzerland), and Wageningen (The Netherlands). The aim of the project was to determine if fecal residues of a parasitide with known insecticidal activity (ivermectin) showed similar effects on insects breeding in dung of treated animals, coprophilous organisms in the soil beneath the dung, and rates of dung degradation. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 54/2017.
Press release from the Coordination Centre for Effects at the German Environment Agency Ecosystems such as forests, heaths and surface waters are more sensitive to atmospheric nitrogen pollution than previously thought, according to a report under the Geneva Air Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (CCE). The report ( Review and revision of empirical critical loads of nitrogen for Europe ) provides revised and updated empirical threshold values (critical loads) for harmful nitrogen inputs to natural ecosystems. It is based on an analysis of new scientific data from the past 10 years by a team of 45 leading European nitrogen and ecosystem experts. In 40% of the ecosystem types reviewed, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen had to be adjusted downwards (more sensitive), in considerably less ecosystem types the value was adjusted upwards. Excess reactive nitrogen inputs disturb the nitrogen balance of ecosystems and endanger plant communities, soils, and biodiversity. Due to anthropogenic emissions, the current global biogeochemical flows of reactive nitrogen have been shifted far beyond the proposed planetary boundary, which is set to avoid the risk of generating irreversible changes to ecosystems and their biodiversity due to nitrogen pollution. The revised nitrogen threshold values emphasize even more the need to reduce the amount of reactive nitrogen entering the environment. Nitrogen is primarily emitted from agriculture, i.e. from livestock manure and fertilized fields (primarily as ammonia), but also from combustion processes in vehicles and industry (as nitrogen oxides). Mitigation is most urgently needed where sensitive ecosystems are located within or around agricultural regions with intensive farming of livestock or close to high-traffic motorways or heavy industry. In the Netherlands, the country with the highest livestock density in Europe, the government recently announced plans to compensate farmers for reducing their number of livestock in order to lower nitrogen pollution, in response to a court decision. This may serve as an example for other countries with high livestock densities, such as parts of Belgium and Germany, which also need to increase their efforts to reduce nitrogen pollution to protect sensitive ecosystems. Further information: The report was published on 24 October 2022 by the Coordination Centre for Effects, which operates under the Geneva Air Convention and is hosted by the German Environment Agency. About the CCE: The CCE is an organizational entity under the CLRTAP, the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutionof the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE ). The CLRTAP was signed in 1979 and came into force in 1983. It was the first international legally binding instrument to deal with problems of air pollution at a broader scale. The goal of the convention is to control air pollution and its effects and to develop an extensive programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transport of air pollutants.
Ermittelt werden die Bestände an Rindern, Schweinen, Schafen, Pferden und Geflügel allgemein oder repräsentativ. 1. allgemein alle vier Jahre, beginnend 2003, zum Berichtszeitpunkt 3. Mai : Rinder, Schweine, Schafe, Pferde und Geflügel 2. repräsentativ in jedem Jahr (mit Ausnahme der Jahre, in denen die Erhebung nach Nummer 1 stattfindet), beginnend 2002, zum Berichtszeitpunkt 3. Mai: Rinder, Schweine und Schafe 3. repräsentativ in jedem Jahr zum Berichtszeitpunkt 3. November: Rinder und Schweine.
Ermittelt werden die Merkmale des Grundprogramms der Agrarstrukturerhebung (Angaben der Bodennutzungshaupterhebung, der Erhebung über die Viehbestände und der Arbeitskräfteerhebung), die Rechtsstellung des Betriebsinhabers, die sozialökonomischen Verhältnisse des Betriebes, die gartenbaulich genutzten Flächen des Betriebes, die Flächen unter Glas und Kunststoff, die Lagerräume, die Betriebseinnahmen, die Vermarktung sowie die Berufsbildung des Betriebsleiters.
Kern der Agrarstrukturerhebung bildet das Grundprogramm mit den Angaben der Bodennutzungshaupterhebung, der Erhebung über die Viehbestände und der Arbeitskräfteerhebung in der Landwirtschaft. Das Ergänzungsprogramm umfasst einige, vor allem für die betriebsstatistischen Erhebungen wichtige Merkmale (Gewinnermittlung und Umsatzbesteuerung, sozialökonomische Verhältnisse, Anfall und Aufbringung tierischer Exkremente, Lagerkapazität bei Gülle, Eigentums- und Pachtverhältnisse an der LF, außerbetriebliche Erwerbs- und Unterhaltsquellen, Einkommenskombinationen, Umweltleistungen).
The exposure of non-target wildlife to anticoagulant compounds used for rodent control is a well-known phenomenon. Exposure can be primary when non-target species consume bait or secondary via uptake of poisoned animals by mammalian and avian predators. However, nothing is known about the exposure patterns in passerine birds that are commonly present on farms where rodent control is conducted. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to screen for residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in liver tissue of passerine birds that were present during rodent control with a product containing brodifacoum (BR). The 222 birds of 13 species were bycatch of rodent snap trapping in 2011-2013 on 11 livestock farms run synchronously with baiting. During baiting, ARs were detected in about 30% of birds; 28% carried BR. In liver tissue of 54 birds that carried BR, concentrations ranged from 4 to 7809 ng/g (mean 490 +/- 169 ng/g). Among common bird species with AR residues, BR was most prevalent in robins (Erithacus rubecula) (44%) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis) (41%). Mean BR concentration was highest in great tits (Parus major) (902 +/- 405 ng/g). The occurrence and concentrations of BR residues were about 30% higher in birds collected close to bait stations compared to birds collected further away. The results demonstrate that several ground feeding songbird species are exposed to ARs used on farms. If BR was present in liver tissue, concentrations were variable, which may imply a combination of primary and secondary exposure of songbirds. Exposure was mostly restricted to the immediate surroundings of farms where bait was used, which might limit the transfer to the wider environment. Efforts should be made to reduce the access for birds to AR bait to prevent high exposure. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Background Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. Main body Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). Conclusions Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming. © The Author(s) 2023.
BACKGROUND Commensal rodents such as Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.), black rats (R. rattus L.) and house mice (Mus musculus L.) damage stored produce and infrastructure, cause hygienic problems and transmit zoonotic pathogens to humans. The management of commensal rodents relies mainly on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are persistent and bioâ€Ìaccumulative, which can cause exposure of nonâ€Ìtarget species. We compared the baiting strategies to use brodifacoum (BR) in bait boxes indoors only versus in and around buildings in replicated field trials at livestock farms to assess resulting BR residues in nonâ€Ìtarget small mammals. RESULTS When bait was used indoors only, the percentage of trapped nonâ€Ìtarget small mammals with BR residues as well as BR concentration in liver tissue was about 50% lower in comparison to bait application in and around buildings. These effects occurred in murid rodents and shrews but not in voles that were generally only mildly exposed. During the baiting period, BR concentration in murids was stable but decreased by about 50% in shrews. CONCLUSION Restricting the application of BR bait to indoors only can reduce exposure of nonâ€Ìtarget species. The positive effect of this baiting strategy on nonâ€Ìtarget species needs to be balanced with the need for an effective pest rodent management within a reasonable time. More research is needed to clarify which management approaches strike this balance best. © 2020 The Authors
Commensal rodent species cause damage to crops and stored products, they transmit pathogens to people, live-stock and pets and threaten nativeflora and fauna. Tominimize such adverse effects, commensal rodentsare pre-dominantly managed with anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) that can be transferred along the food chain. Wetested the effect of the uptake of the AR brodifacoum (BR) by Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on spatial behaviorbecause this helps to assess the availability of dead rats and residual BR to predators and scavengers. BR was de-livered by oral gavage or free-fed bait presented in bait stations. Rats were radio-collared to monitor spatial be-havior. BR residues in rat liver tissue were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem massspectrometry. Norway rats that had consumed BR decreased distances moved and had reduced home rangesize. Treatment effects on spatial behavior seemed to set in rapidly. However, there was no effect on habitat pref-erence. Ninety-two percent of rats that succumbed to BR died in well-hidden locations, where removal by scav-enging birds and large mammalian scavengers is unlikely. Rats that ingested bait from bait stations had 65% higher residue concentrations than rats that died from dosing with two-fold LD50.Thissuggestsanoverdosingin rats that are managed with 0.0025% BR. None of the 70 BR-loaded rats was caught/removed by wild preda-tors/scavengers before collection of carcasses within 5-29 h. Therefore, and because almost all dead rats diedin well-hidden locations, they do not seem to pose a significant risk of AR exposure to large predators/scavengers at livestock farms. Exposure of large predators may originate from AR-poisoned non-target small mammals. Thefew rats that died in the open are accessible and should be removed in routine searches during and after the ap-plication of AR bait to minimize transfer of AR into the wider environment. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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