Ein Brennpunkt steigenden Nahrungsmittelbedarfs ist das Albertine Rift in Afrika. Diese Region leidet unter massiver Bodendegradation aufgrund von steilen Hängen, hoher Frequenz von erosiven Starkniederschlägen und einer geringen Vegetationsbedeckung über die gesamte Vegetationsperiode. Aus dem hohen Landnutzungsdruck auf Bodenressourcen resultieren zahlreiche soziale und ökologische Probleme (Ernährungsunsicherheit, politische Unruhen, Migration). Da der Bodenverlust auf ackerbaulich genutzten Flächen die Bodenneubildung in der Region substanziell übersteigt, ist die landwirtschaftliche Nutzbarkeit der Bodensysteme zeitlich begrenzt. Flächen mit einem vollständigen Verlust der Bodenoberfläche verlieren dauerhaft das Potenzial eine gesunde Biozönose zu beherbergen. Dabei ist die Zeitskala bis zum endgültigen Verlust der Bodenoberfläche sehr heterogen und wird durch die lokale Bodenerosionsrate und die Tiefe des Bodens bis zum Ausgangsgestein bestimmt. Solozori hat zum Ziel die Bodendegradationsdynamik und ihre Auswirkungen auf die landwirtschaftliche Produktivität, die Bodenqualität und schließlich den Zusammenbruch der Ökosystemleistungen im tropischen Afrika zu verstehen und zu quantifizieren. Solozori untersucht das Ruwenzori-Gebirge von Uganda, in welchem ein hoher Landnutzungsdruck besteht und zur Entwaldung und ackerbaulichen Nutzung von steilen Hängen führt. Diese Ackerflächen sind einer enorm hohen Degradationsgeschwindigkeit ausgesetzt, welche ihre Ertragsfähigkeit aufgrund flacher Böden innerhalb von Jahrzehnten verlieren. Aufgrund dieser flachen Böden ist die Region ein ideales Beispiel für die Untersuchung von Prozessen im Zusammenhang mit begrenzten Bodenressourcen, die langfristig die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit gefährden und die Chancen einer erfolgreichen Wiederaufforstung verhindern. Solozori nutzt Fernerkundungsinformationen zur Erschließung der Landnutzungsgeschichte und Vegetationsmuster, während topografische Landschaftsmerkmale und Fallout-Radionuklide Aufschluss über die langfristigen Bodenumverteilungsraten geben. Diese Bodenumverteilungsraten werden mit den vorhandenen Bodenressourcen (Bodentiefe bis zum Ausgangsgestein) verglichen, um die räumliche Ausdehnung und die verbleibende Zeit bis zum Verlust der Anbauflächen des Rwenzori-Gebirges zu ermitteln. Solozori ist ein Beispielprojekt zur Demonstration von Ertragseffekten vor dem Hintergrund von sich verknappenden Bodenressourcen. Solozori dient damit dem dringend notwendigen Verständnis über langfristige Bodendegradationsprozesse, welche die Grundlage zur Entwicklung von nachhaltigen Agroökosystemnutzungsstrategien sind, um den Landnutzungsdruck auf Waldressourcen zu verringern und den dramatischen Verlust von bodenbezogenen Ökosystemleistungen einzudämmen. Solozori setzt den Verlust von Ackerland in eine zeitliche Dimension, was den Handlungsbedarf zum Schutz von Bodensystemen der afrikanischen Tropen auf einer neuen Ebene veranschaulicht.
Zielsetzung: Die Bauwirtschaft steht vor der Herausforderung, nachhaltige und ressourcenschonende Materialien einzusetzen, um den ökologischen Fußabdruck zu verringern und den Anforderungen der Kreislaufwirtschaft gerecht zu werden. Gleichzeitig fallen in der Lebensmittelindustrie große Mengen an biogenen Reststoffen (z. B. Teetreber, Apfel- und Beerentrester) an, die bislang energetisch wenig effizient oder als Abfall entsorgt werden. Ziel des Projekts „BIOMASS-UP“ ist es, ein innovatives Verfahren zu entwickeln und zu validieren, mit dem verschiedene Reststoffbiomassen in hochwertigen, ökologisch vorteilhaften Bau- und Werkstoffplatten verarbeitet werden können. Damit soll ein Beitrag zur Ressourceneffizienz, zur CO2-Reduktion und zur Etablierung einer echten Kreislaufwirtschaft im Bausektor geleistet werden. Des Weiteren schonen wir damit die forstlichen Ressourcen und Wälder, indem wir einen Weg aufzeigen, wie bereits erzeugte Biomasseabfälle zu hochwertigen Werkstoffen für die Baubranche veredelt werden können.
FOREST will revolutionize today's industrial paper manufacturing towards CO2-neutral production and thus contribute significantly to closing the 'circular gap' in the energy transition in Germany. To this end, a modular digital twin for paper manufacturing processes is being developed. This makes it possible to record energy and material flows, and thus ultimately also CO2 flows and footprints, down to the sub-process and sub-product level. The recording takes place not only at the planning level (ERP), but also directly at the process level (MES/Edge) in interaction with digital modeling. The framework thus creates potential for the targeted acceleration of the paper industry's transformation to climate neutrality through the evaluation of current processes, but also the target-oriented assessment of the impact of possible developments.
Excessive nutrient input largely impacts community structure and functioning of stream ecosystems in Central Europe (eutrophication). Within this project, we aim to evaluate the eutrophication potential of stream ecosystems. As a first step to achieve this aim, main control mechanisms influencing stream eutrophication have to be identified. We will analyze the impact of soil nutritional status (especially phosphorus), soil storage capacity, and soil nutrient release as well as land use on periphyton-grazer interaction. Therefore, we will study the periphyton-grazer interaction in the running water of 4 small catchments that differ with respect to their nutritional status, speciation and release at a forest site and an pasture site. In the field survey we will study (1) The input of macro nutrients (P and N), (2) community structure and biomass of periphyton and grazers, (3) emergence and (4) complexity of the food web and compare the results among the catchments. The periphyton-grazer interaction along nutrient gradients will be studied in more detail using laboratory flumes. By the use of geostatistical and remote sensing techniques we will interpolate macro nutrient input, -speciation and seasonality for the different catchments and link this information to periphyton quantity and quality as well as to periphyton-grazer interaction.
The dynamics of Patagonian Lenga-forests (Nothofagus pumilio) will be studied at two long-term investigation sites of the University of Chile of Santiago. Field data will be acquired in two field campaigns and involve structural surveys, increment coring and stem analyses. The aim of the proposed project is to model Lenga forest dynamics with an individual tree-based modelling approach. Building upon experience with the SILVA model, the major challenge lies in the old growth and regeneration phase, and the gap heterogeneity which can only be represented on the landscape scale. The approach is unique in a sense that it applies principles from individual-tree modelling to the classical field of gap models. It profits from the strong competition algorithms and structural sensitivity of individual tree models and overcomes the limitation of regular grids in gap models. The project will unite 30 years field experience and data collection at the U.Chile and the modelling background at the TUM. Besides the progress in the understanding of forest growth processes, the growth model will support the sustainable silvicultural management of the resource Lenga.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for living organisms. Whereas agriculture avoids P-limitation of primary production through continuous application of P fertilizers, forest ecosystems have developed highly efficient strategies to adapt to low P supply. A main hypothesis of the SPP 1685 is that P depletion of soils drives forest ecosystems from P acquiring system (efficient mobilization of P from the mineral phase) to P recycling systems (highly efficient cycling of P). Regarding P fluxes in soils and from soil to streamwater, this leads to the assumption that recycling systems may have developed strategies to minimize P losses. Further, not only the quantity but also the chemistry (P forms) of transported or accumulated P will differ between the ecosystems. In our project, we will therefore experimentally test the relevance of the two contrasting hypothetical nutritional strategies for P transport processes through the soil and into streamwater. As transport processes will occur especially during heavy rainfall events, when preferential flow pathways (PFPs) are connected, we will focus on identifying those subsurface transport paths. The chemical P fractionation in PFPs will be analyzed to draw conclusions on P accumulation and transport mechanism in soils differing in their availability of mineral bound P (SPP core sites). The second approach is an intensive streamwater monitoring to detect P losses from soil to water. The understanding of P transport processes and P fluxes at small catchment scale is fundamental for estimating the P exports of forest soils into streams. With a hydrological model we will simulate soil water fluxes and estimate P export fluxes for the different ecosystems based on these simulations.
In this project, we will investigate the spatial heterogeneity of soil phosphorus (concentration of total P, P speciation) in soils with different P status with modern analytical (synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy) and geostatistical methods at different scales (soil aggregates: (sub)micron to mm scale; particular regions of soil profiles (e.g. root channels, surrounding of stones): mm to dm scale; entire soil profiles: dm to m scale; selected patches of the forest stand: m to 5m scale). We expect that our results will provide new insights about spatial heterogeneity patterns of soil P concentration and P speciation in forest soils and their relevance for P availability and P nutritional status of Norway spruce and European beech.
Plant uptake of phosphate (P) in complex forest ecosystems relies to a great extent on microbial mineralization of P from organic and inorganic sources but the relative contributions of the microbial communities to P cycling and allocation in forest soils is not yet very well understood. Within this project we will focus on two interactions that could elucidate key processes of microbial P dynamics in forest sites. We want to clarify the importance of both fungal-fungal and bacterial-fungal interactions for P dynamics in forest soils that are transitioning from P acquiring (efficient mobilization of P from primary and secondary minerals) into P recycling systems (highly efficient cycling of P). We want to reveal furthermore the relative contributions of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi to P cycling and allocation. Following a hierarchical approach we want to investigate: (I) the fungal-fungal interaction between saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi at the plot scale by a systematical exclusion of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field; (II) elucidate the P dynamics in the mycosphere at the small scale (mm to cm scale) by the use of trenching experiments. (III) investigate the regulation of bacterial as well as fungal P cycling in a microcosm experiment and evaluate the particular microbial uptake, allocation and cycling of P in the mycosphere by the use of several chemical and microbiological approaches. The trenching experiments will be performed on the study sites: Bad Brückenau, Conventwald, Vessertal, Mitterfels and Lüss in close proximity to beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). The microcosm experiment will be performed under controlled conditions in the lab.
In the frame of the project microbial turnover processes of phosphorous shall be investigated in forest soils and drivers for the corresponding populations as well as their activity pattern shall be described. Furthermore microbial transport and uptake systems for phosphorous should be characterized to understand the competition between plants and microbes for phosphorous in more detail, in relation to the availability of phosphorous and other nutrients. Therefore it is planned to investigate different soil compartments with different nutrient amounts (litter layer - rhizosphere - bulk soil). To reach the described goal molecular metagenomic methods will be used to characterize the structure and function of microbial communities as well as to describe the regulation of selected important pathways. In addition quantitative real time PCR and enzymatic measurements will be used to describe the abundance and activity of the corresponding populations and to describe their relevance for P turnover in the different soil compartments under investigation. With this we hope to reconstruct mainly the microbial phosphorous cycle and give important data to improve the model development of P dynamics in forest soils.
Soil organic matter is considered to become an increasingly important source of bioavailable phosphorus (P) with depletion of inorganic P within primary minerals. Current concepts on P cycling and mobilization of organic P largely ignore the formation of mineral-organic associations. This project aims to link processes occurring at the nanoscale on mineral surfaces with the bioavailability of organic P, with particular focus on the influence of biodiversity and establishment of functional niches by microbial communities on P recycling in soils. Along a soil P availability gradient the proportion of mineral-associated P as well as its composition (31P NMR and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy) will be determined and related to mineralogical soil properties. Based on adsorption and desorption experiments using both, monomeric and polymeric P sources, the recycling potential of mineral-bound organic P by various biotic communities (plants, mycorrhiza, bacteria) will be determined in mesocosm and field experiments. We expect to assess the relevance of mineral-associated organic P for the P recycling of forest ecosystems and to identify the major controlling abiotic and biotic variables.
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