Ziel: Ermittlung der oekologischen Effizienz von wasserbaulichen Aufstiegsanlagen in Fliessgewaessern fuer Wirbellose und Fische. Ergebnisse: Technische Aufstiegsanlagen sind wegen Verstopfungsgefahr und Unterhaltungsaufwand eher ungeeignet. Rauhe Rampen sind guenstige Aufstiegsanlagen, wie die Wiederfaenge von markierten Fischen und Wirbellosen beweisen. Natuerliche/naturnahe Umgehungsbaeche sind sehr geeignete Wanderwege. Das Gefaelle im Bauwerk sollte mindestens 1:20 betragen. Ruheraeume und natuerliche Anschluesse an Oberwasser und Unterwasser muessen favorisiert werden. Lueckige Sohlsubstrate und Uferstrukturen beguenstigen den Aufstieg.
Arbeitsschwerpunkt dieses Teilprojektes ist in AP4 die Probenahme zur Quantifizierung des MP-Aufkommens und -Transports im realen, urbanen Abwassersystem für die Abwasserfraktionen Niederschlagswasser, häusliches Schmutzwasser (Teilströme Grau- und Schwarzwasser) und betriebliches Schmutzwasser durch die TU Kaiserslautern. Dabei werden die Erkenntnisse zur Probenentnahme aus AP 2 umgesetzt und methodisch weiter verwertet. Weitere Arbeitsschwerpunkte sind die Probenaufbereitung und -konservierung sowie relevanzabhängig die abgestufte Analyse ausgewählter Standard-Abwasserparameter zwecks Bewertung der Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Probennahmestrategien. Die Untersuchungen sind im Schwerpunkt auf die Mengen und die Bedeutung der MP-Aufkommen in den einzelnen Eintragspfaden des urbanen Abwassersystems auf das Umweltkompartiment Gewässer ausgerichtet. Als Vorhabensziele sind zu nennen: a) Erprobung und Modifikation der entwickelten Probennahmestrategien am realen Abwassersystem, b) Relevanzbewertung verschiedener Eintragspfade von MP-Frachten, c) Entwicklung ganzheitlicher Probennahmestrategien für das gesamte Abwasserinfrastruktursystem d) Abschätzung von MP-Aufkommensspektren, sowie e) Erkenntnisgewinn zur MP-Analytik (u.a. Wiederfindungsraten in heterogenen Abwasserproben mit ausgeprägten Matrixeffekten, Korrelation mit weiteren Abwasserparametern).
Objective: The goal of this development project is to determine retention on the rock surface under simulated reservoir conditions. In the proposed investigation, retention data for both the individual surfactants and their combined mixture as well as data on the multichemical system containing both surfactants and polymers should be gathered and evaluated. Based on observations on linear flood tests it is presumed that, by post-flooding using additional surfactants and polymers, the retention of a surfactant mixture can be considerably reduced. This would result in a further reduction of the required concentration and slug size of the surfactant combination. General Information: 1. Development and optimization of the analytical process for specification of both the surfactant combinations and the multiple chemical system. The surfactants which are planned to be used in the field are technical products which contain a broad spectrum of compounds of varying molecular weight and reaction groups. In the past, different methods of analysis (infrared spectrography, UV-spectrography, two phased Titration, etc were attempted in the flood tests. The main problem is the chemical separation of the used components like a mixture of crude oil, brine emulsions. 2. Static absorption tests. The identification of absorption isotherms on sand surfaces should supply information on the absorption characteristics of both the various components and the multi-chemical system. Pressure-free-flooding: Using a model sandstone core with a porosity of 20Prozent and a permeability of 1000 md, pressure-free flooding can be done. The testing of the flood and displacement behaviour of the individual components, the surfactant combination, and the multi-chemical system is done in order to determine the retention behaviour and to show, if present, a chromatographic separation of the components. 4. The sand pack flood-tests. The sand pack flood-tests serve mostly in showing possible chromatographic separation. 5. High pressure flooding: The work on the high pressure flooding apparatus can be done as a supplement to the pressure-free flood tests; here the influence of pressure on the flood-behaviour of the chemical system can be tested under simulated reservoir pressures. Achievements: The retention of the multi component system : petroleum sulphonate - non ionic surfactant in reservoir brine showed strong interactions and a high retention potential. It was found that adsorption of xanthan is not automatically high on surfaces with higher area. Here it is important that the adsorption sites are accessible to the macromolecule, which is obviously not the case for all sites of the reservoir rock. The reservoir rock has a specific surface of 2,6 m2/g, but only a small part of this surface seems to be accessible to the big polymer molecules. The major part of the specific surface measured with the very much smaller n-Heptane-molecules is contributed by a fine structure on the ...
The depletion of the ozone layer, first identified above the Antarctic regions and later above mid latitudes, led in 1987 to the ratification of the Montreal Protocol which has imposed, for a decade, drastic limitations on the production of halogenated ozone destroying man-made halogenated ozone destroying substances. As the stratospheric halogen loading is going to reach a maximum in the next few years, the challenge for atmospheric scientists is to reach the level of understanding that will enable reliable prediction of the future evolution/recovery of ozone. In this perspective, it is essential to develop and maintain means for accurate long-term monitoring of the stratosphere. The aim of QUILT is to optimise the exploitation of the existing European UV-visible monitoring systems by which O3 and the related free NO2, BrO and OClO can be measured from the ground, balloons and satellites. QUILT will provide an assessment of the chemical ozone-loss over the last decade and through 2000-2003. This will be achieved through joint efforts in data analysis improvements, consolidation of existing data series, and their near-real time integration with state-of-the-art chemical transport models.
Objective: In converter steel plants operating in accordance with the KMS process (Kloeckner-Maximilianshütte-Stahl), the production of steel from hot metal and scrap results in waste gases with high CO contents, which have been flared through stacks to date. Three converter plants of the Maximilianshütte are to be equipped with a controlled gas suction and gas recovery system to permit the application of the usable converter gas for the production of process heat and steam by way of intermediate storage. It is to be expected that the annual energy saving at project level will be 6.500 TOE for the production of raw steel, as proposed in this project. General Information: The project is part of an extensive programme for the conservation of energy in the Sulzbach-Rosenberg works. The Maximilianshütte operates a KMS-steelworks there equipped with three converters, each having a capacity of 60 t. The converters are equipped with cleaning systems based on a wet cleaning process. These operate with the assistance of two Venturi stages. A controlled gas collection system is used for suction at the mouth of the converter to prevent combustion of the waste gases containing CO above the mouth. The most important components of this gas suction system, e.g. A controlled skirt which can be moved upwards and downwards, were installed during the construction of the steelworks. Within the scope of this project, the actual gas recovery and gas storage facility is to be developed, erected and tested. Gas recovery requires switch-over stations as well as diverse closed-loop control and control systems, which permit switch-over to gas recovery during the blowing process depending on the CO content of the converter gas (switch-over point at a CO content of about 40 per cent). Pneumatic drives are provided for all switch-over elements. The gas will probably be stored in a low pressure telescopic gasometer equipped with a special shell sealing. Gas storage serves to equalize the irregular gas production. In the first phase of the project, a measuring programme will be implemented following the installation of diverse measuring instruments. Its purpose is to determine the data on the temporal decrease in the amount of gas, the composition of the converter gas and the gas curves occurring behind the cleaning facility in the course of one heat. Such data are required to dimension and design the necessary facilities. These results will be used to determine the process course for the recovery of gas and to design and plan the facilities. Following the erection, the overall facility will be tested in the course of an 8 month demonstration period and final evaluation will be effected. Achievements: The 3 gas analysis systems were commissioned on march 3RD 1985. After this, measurements were carried out on the 3 converter plants during the month of July 1985. A description of the gas analysis system follows; the converter gas is taken via 2 gas sample probes which are ...
Objective: Natural gas is piped into the glass works at an average of 50 bars. Pressure in the network is 3.2 bars absolute. Is was the aim of the project to transform the unused exergetic pressure gradient released during pressure reduction into useful energy. General Information: Natural gas is piped into the works at an average pressure of 50 bar. The pressure in the operating network is 3.2 bar. Two pressure reduction units, operating in parallel, were previously used, each with an average throughput of 7500 m3 STP/h. In order to transform the unused exergetic pressure gradient into useful energy a gas expansion motor was installed to drive a screw-type air compressor. This motor fulfills the function of the pressure reduction units which now serve only for reserve. The gas expansion motor, which has a nominal rating of 610 kW, is a four-cylinder double-acting double-expansion steam-piston machine manufactured by Spillingwerk, Hamburg. The screw-type air compressor is a series-production unit, fitted with a gear of appropriate ratio (air input of 6550 m3/h at 1 bar, 40 deg.C: output after cooler 3 bar at 60 deg.C). The total system includes a waste heat recovery system which consists of a closed water circuit with a freezing mixture heat exchanger (426kW, 30 deg.C) for the air suction cooling unit (in Summer), the compressed air cooler (426 kW, 82 deg.C), a steam/water heat exchanger (155 kW, 105 deg.C), and the high and medium pressure preheaters by which the gas streams entering the motor are heated up to 100 deg.C and the water cooled down to 25 deg.C. Achievements: The plant has run three years under load. During this period the average quantity of compressed air was 5 180 m3 STP/h with a required power of 440 kw. This gives an energy saving of 3.34x10.6 kwh/year as compared with an electric motor drive operating 8 000 hours per year. The plant availability is above 90 per cent. The capital payback period is 1,6 years. This type of plants can be recommended in the case of comparable preconditions. This means at continous natural gas supply at constant pressure.
Objective: The objective is better recovery of nickel from slags through better process control in order to raise productivity and save energy in ferronickel production. General Information: An automatic process control system will be developed for the recovery of mechanical nickel losses in slag arising from the production of ferronickel in the electric reduction furnace of LARCO at the Larymna plant. Methodological development will help applicability to other comparable processes. The project will be in the following stages. Construction and setup of a dedicated induction furnace with a graphite susceptor and a refractory crucible and with the possibilities of temperature control and gas injection from the top or from the side of the crucible. The development of a laser based system for assessing and monitoring the metal content of the slag is proposed. The proposed system, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), will speed up the analysis of the recovery of metal, provide more efficient process control and enable further optimization. The basic steps in LIBS are: atomization of the sample; excitation of the resulting atoms; and detection of the emitted radiation from the atoms. Both atomization and excitation can be achieved by focusing a neodymium, yttrium aluminium garnet(YAG) laser on the molten slag free surface, resulting in the creation of a microplasma. The emitted radiation will be spectrally resolved by means of a monochromator coupled with an optical multichannel analyzer (OMA III). The work parts to be done are: preliminary measurements on solid slag containing nickel and ferronickel in order to be used as reference standards; online monitoring with data acquisition and sensor system integration for the actual molten systems; testing and validation; and metallurgical support during the experiments. The control system stage will involve: metal concentration values given by the LIBS system modelled to obtain the actual metal content in the slag; thermal control linked with the process computer; control of the gas (or gas mixtures) flow rates to be injected into the slag melt linked with the process computer. The information processing stage will involve: observed values continuously stored in an appropriate database in order to be compared to the simulated values; special, easy to solve, mathematical model of ordinary differential equations developed to simulate the recovery process; and a simulation programme developed in advanced continuous simulation language (ACSL) to allow online simulation. The final stage is system integration. Achievements: Research was carried out in order to develop an automatic process control system for the recovery of metal from slags and therefore contribute with better process control to better recovery of the mechanical metal losses from the ERF slags in the ferronickel production. The combination of metallurgical experiments with the high technology of laser based analysis was the first ...
This project is carried out in co-operation with an Austrian factory, producing biomass combustion units and has the aim to examine the material fluxes of heavy metals taking place in the combustion plants and their influencing variables (temperature, gaseous atmosphere). Based on the results achieved, a new biomass combustion technology meeting the requirements of an efficient heavy metal fractionation should be developed and built. By means of this technique it should be possible to recycle the biggest amount of ash produced (about 90 per cent) in an ecological way and to concentrate the heavy metals in a small ash fraction that can be industrially utilized (heavy metal recovery) or has to be disposed of.
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