Ziel: Ermittlung der oekologischen Effizienz von wasserbaulichen Aufstiegsanlagen in Fliessgewaessern fuer Wirbellose und Fische. Ergebnisse: Technische Aufstiegsanlagen sind wegen Verstopfungsgefahr und Unterhaltungsaufwand eher ungeeignet. Rauhe Rampen sind guenstige Aufstiegsanlagen, wie die Wiederfaenge von markierten Fischen und Wirbellosen beweisen. Natuerliche/naturnahe Umgehungsbaeche sind sehr geeignete Wanderwege. Das Gefaelle im Bauwerk sollte mindestens 1:20 betragen. Ruheraeume und natuerliche Anschluesse an Oberwasser und Unterwasser muessen favorisiert werden. Lueckige Sohlsubstrate und Uferstrukturen beguenstigen den Aufstieg.
Das Ziel des Verbundprojektes ist die Entwicklung, Optimierung und Validierung eines normungsfähigen HPLC-Fluoreszenz-Verfahrens zur quantitativen Analyse von Zearalenon (ZEN) in pflanzlichen Ölen. Das wissenschaftlich-technische Arbeitsziel des Teilvorhabens besteht in der Ermittlung der verfahrensrelevanten Kenndaten zur internen analytischen Qualitätssicherung wie z.B. Arbeitsbereich, Nachweis-, Bestimmungsgrenze, Wiederfindung, Laborpräzision (unter Wiederhol- und Vergleichsbedingungen), Beladungskapazität und Reproduzierbarkeit unter Realbedingungen. Die in der sich anschließenden Methodenvalidierungsstudie zwischen verschiedenen Laboratorien zu bestimmenden Kenndaten umfassen die Bestimmung der Präzision unter Vergleich- und Wiederholbedingungen, der Wiederfindungsrate und die Ermittlung des Anwendungsbereichs. Das BfR mit dem nationalen Referenzlabor für Mykotoxine in Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln verfügen über ausgewiesene Expertisen auf dem Gebiet der Mykotoxin-Analytik. Das Verbundprojekt besteht aus insgesamt 6 Arbeitspaketen. Zur Erreichung der Ziele des Teilvorhabens sind 2 Arbeitspakete vorgesehen. Innerhalb des Arbeitspakets 4 soll die Evaluierung der im Teilvorhaben des BAM entwickelten und optimierten HF-SPE erfolgen. Hierbei soll das Analyseverfahren durch Screening an verschiedenen Realproben getestet werden. Nach erfolgter interner Verfahrensvalidierung soll das vollständige Analyseverfahren im Rahmen eines nationalen bzw. internationalen Ringversuch im Rahmen des Arbeitspaketes 5 validiert werden. Für die Überwachung des aktuellen ZEN-Grenzwertes in Speiseöl ist derzeit kein genormtes Analyseverfahren verfügbar, so dass die Laboratorien auf die Anwendung (validierter) Hausverfahren angewiesen sind. Das neu zu entwickelnde Hydrazinharz-basierte HPLC-FLD- Verfahren kann zudem maßgeblich zur Reduzierung der Analysenkosten als auch des Zeitaufwandes beitragen.
Arbeitsschwerpunkt dieses Teilprojektes ist in AP4 die Probenahme zur Quantifizierung des MP-Aufkommens und -Transports im realen, urbanen Abwassersystem für die Abwasserfraktionen Niederschlagswasser, häusliches Schmutzwasser (Teilströme Grau- und Schwarzwasser) und betriebliches Schmutzwasser durch die TU Kaiserslautern. Dabei werden die Erkenntnisse zur Probenentnahme aus AP 2 umgesetzt und methodisch weiter verwertet. Weitere Arbeitsschwerpunkte sind die Probenaufbereitung und -konservierung sowie relevanzabhängig die abgestufte Analyse ausgewählter Standard-Abwasserparameter zwecks Bewertung der Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Probennahmestrategien. Die Untersuchungen sind im Schwerpunkt auf die Mengen und die Bedeutung der MP-Aufkommen in den einzelnen Eintragspfaden des urbanen Abwassersystems auf das Umweltkompartiment Gewässer ausgerichtet. Als Vorhabensziele sind zu nennen: a) Erprobung und Modifikation der entwickelten Probennahmestrategien am realen Abwassersystem, b) Relevanzbewertung verschiedener Eintragspfade von MP-Frachten, c) Entwicklung ganzheitlicher Probennahmestrategien für das gesamte Abwasserinfrastruktursystem d) Abschätzung von MP-Aufkommensspektren, sowie e) Erkenntnisgewinn zur MP-Analytik (u.a. Wiederfindungsraten in heterogenen Abwasserproben mit ausgeprägten Matrixeffekten, Korrelation mit weiteren Abwasserparametern).
Objective: To save energy by recovering the heat contained in the acidic fumes at temperatures below their dew-point and emanating from the drying operation of a bleaching powder plant. The air heated by the recovered heat will be fed back into the drying oven, saving an estimated 327 TOE/yr of primary energy. The novelty in this process consists in the use of ''Teflon'' as a corrosion-resistant coated on the heat exchanger. A 3 years payback is to be expected at project level. General Information: In the Moosburg plant, bleaching powder is produced by treating aluminium ore with hot HCl (hydrochloric acid). The hydrochloric residues are then air-dried in ovens, from which air exists at a rate of 200,000 m3/hr and at a temperature of 110 degree C, close to the dew-point. Part of this chlorine-containing (60,000 m3/hr or 48,000 kg/hr with 21 per cent of steam) is fed into a heat-exchanger built of glass-tubes in stainless steel casings (tubes and plates), coated internally with PTFE (Teflon). The air tightness between the tubes and plates will be provided by metallic gaskets coated with PFA, a highly thermal and chemical resistant material. The two airflows will move in counter-current, with the air to be preheated flowing inside the tubes. The primary air, cooled to 70 degree C, will flow to a humidifier for washing and then be released in the atmosphere. For a 38,000 kg/hr flow of air preheated from 20 degree C to 76 degree C during an annual 6,500 hours operation, a saving of 13 970GJ/year of natural gas can be achieved. From this, the electricity to operate two additional fans i.e. 130,000 Kwh/year must be substracted, leaving a net saving of 13 500 GJ/year, equivalent to 327 TOE/year. The heat recovery will be measured in 12 monthly recordings of temperature and flow. The pressures, dew-points and water consumptions will be equally monitored by the 30st June 1987. Achievements: During the preliminary start-up, several deficiencies were found in connection to the PFTE lining of the heat exchanger, the optimum function of the mist eliminator and the increased discharges of drips from the chimney due to condensate formation in the chimney waste-gas-stack. To avoid these defects, several actions were taken including repairs, coupling of dust eliminator and modification leading a partial quantity of the produced warm air into the waste-gas-stack. These modifications caused a 29 per cent cost increased and a 25 per cent decrease in actual energy economy measured. The equipment reliability is still to be proved during the measurement campaign.
Objective: The goal of this development project is to determine retention on the rock surface under simulated reservoir conditions. In the proposed investigation, retention data for both the individual surfactants and their combined mixture as well as data on the multichemical system containing both surfactants and polymers should be gathered and evaluated. Based on observations on linear flood tests it is presumed that, by post-flooding using additional surfactants and polymers, the retention of a surfactant mixture can be considerably reduced. This would result in a further reduction of the required concentration and slug size of the surfactant combination. General Information: 1. Development and optimization of the analytical process for specification of both the surfactant combinations and the multiple chemical system. The surfactants which are planned to be used in the field are technical products which contain a broad spectrum of compounds of varying molecular weight and reaction groups. In the past, different methods of analysis (infrared spectrography, UV-spectrography, two phased Titration, etc were attempted in the flood tests. The main problem is the chemical separation of the used components like a mixture of crude oil, brine emulsions. 2. Static absorption tests. The identification of absorption isotherms on sand surfaces should supply information on the absorption characteristics of both the various components and the multi-chemical system. Pressure-free-flooding: Using a model sandstone core with a porosity of 20Prozent and a permeability of 1000 md, pressure-free flooding can be done. The testing of the flood and displacement behaviour of the individual components, the surfactant combination, and the multi-chemical system is done in order to determine the retention behaviour and to show, if present, a chromatographic separation of the components. 4. The sand pack flood-tests. The sand pack flood-tests serve mostly in showing possible chromatographic separation. 5. High pressure flooding: The work on the high pressure flooding apparatus can be done as a supplement to the pressure-free flood tests; here the influence of pressure on the flood-behaviour of the chemical system can be tested under simulated reservoir pressures. Achievements: The retention of the multi component system : petroleum sulphonate - non ionic surfactant in reservoir brine showed strong interactions and a high retention potential. It was found that adsorption of xanthan is not automatically high on surfaces with higher area. Here it is important that the adsorption sites are accessible to the macromolecule, which is obviously not the case for all sites of the reservoir rock. The reservoir rock has a specific surface of 2,6 m2/g, but only a small part of this surface seems to be accessible to the big polymer molecules. The major part of the specific surface measured with the very much smaller n-Heptane-molecules is contributed by a fine structure on the ...
Objective: Maintaining the product quality when applying the continuous heating process, and evaluation of the savings. General Information: In the conventional process the wort is boiled for about 90 to 150 min. in a brewing kettle; at the same time as various chemical reactions are going on, water is evaporated. After separation of hop residues and albumen, the wort is cooled down, then yeast is mixed ; the wort is then fermented and seasoned until the actual beer is ready. The main feature of the process is to separate the individual process steps such as wort heating, reaction and water evaporation, in order to reduce energy costs by heat recovery. The wort is fed at 75 deg. C from a feed tank into a pre-heater where it is heated to 95 deg. C by steam. Final heating up to 120 deg. C takes place in a live steam heat exchanger. The wort flows through a residence section where the necessary reaction takes place without evaporation. Then the required evaporation is done in a 4 stage flash column. Then the wort is cooled down in a plate heat exchanger. The heat released from the vapours produced in the first flashing stage of the column is used in the heat exchanger in order to preheat the wort. The vapours of the other flash stages are condensed in the condensers and heat the brewing water up to 80 deg. C. The vapour condensate is cooled down to below 30 deg. C. Having reached this temperature, the condensate is directly discharged. Change-over to a different beer is simply achieved by displacing the wort with hot water and then displacing this with the new wort. Monitoring of energy consumption was done with the 'CAPO' data acquisition system between the end of December 1985 and middle of July 1986. Achievements: In January 1985, tests had to be stopped due to corrosion and subsequent leakage in the four heat exchangers. Attempts were made to continue operation until delivery of new heat exchangers. Despite repairs one of the exchangers began to leak with a consequent mixing of vapour condensate and brewing water. It was then decided to operate the system by isolating the leaking exchanger and with only two exchangers to heat the brewing water. Although difficult, this proved possible. Evaporation was limited to 8 per cent (max) and major fluctuations in the control loops had to be avoided. Brewing water temperature was maintained at 80 deg.C. As evaporation was limited to 8 per cent max. a premise and exact operation was required when producing the primary wort. The only disadvantage is that malt extract losses must be expected. The Hannen brewery opted for the Heidelberg process due to its promise of low (comparatively) energy consumption, although a higher evaporation rate of 10 per cent is necessary to guarantee known high standards. However, up to the end of the period under review (ending 12.2.86) it was not possible to verify the energy savings which may be obtained with an evaporation rate of 10 per cent. However, the quality ...
Zielsetzung: Die Anzahl der Messungen von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) in Innenräumen im Rahmen des Berufsgenossenschaftlichen Messsystems Gefahrstoffe (BGMG) und der Emissionsprüfung von Druckern und Kopierern ist seit Jahren kontinuierlich angestiegen. Weiterhin nahm die Zahl der zu berücksichtigen VOC zu, wenn neue Richtwerte vom Umweltbundesamt herausgegeben wurden oder sich die Grundsätze für Druckerprüfungen änderten. Daher sind für viele der zu untersuchenden Stoffe bisher nicht sämtliche Verfahrenskenngrößen verfügbar. Diese müssen für eine vollständige Validierung des Verfahrens experimentell ermittelt werden. Zur Einbeziehung der Probenahme in die Validierung sind Versuche an einer Prüfgasstrecke notwendig. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellt hierbei der Konzentrationsbereich der Einzelkomponenten im Prüfgas dar, der im Bereich my g/m3 liegt. Aktivitäten/Methoden: Mithilfe der großen Prüfgasstrecke des BGIA - Instituts für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung werden Versuche zur Bestimmung der Verfahrenskenngrößen wie z. B. die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse oder die Wiederfindungsrate durchgeführt sowie Proben für Lagerversuche hergestellt. Dabei werden auch die Umgebungsbedingungen wie Temperatur und Luftfeuchte variiert.
The proposal objective is to develop a new technology for wastewater streams containing toxic metal ions in concentrations up to 500 mg/l. The process combines high selective metal bonding agents with further separation, recovery and recycling by new pressure membrane (MF/UF) modules, metal concentration deeper than 50 mg/l, or novel hybrid flotation/submerged membrane (MF/UF) modules, metal concentration 50-500 mg/l. Scientific objectives and approach: The main scientific and technological objectives of the project are: - development of highly selective bonding agents with very fast reaction kinetics for bonding the toxic metals and their oxyanions. This will lead to a better use of the capacity of the bonding agents resulting in smaller units and low residual concentration of toxic metals in the treated water streams to comply with individual standards for water re-use (or discharge); - development/modification of MF/UF hollow fibre or flat-sheet-multichannel polymer membranes with an active layer outside the fibres for operation in low and high BA concentration ranges. The membranes will have lower membrane fouling tendency and higher membrane fluxes; - development of membrane modules (pressure-driven and submerged) with polymer hollow fibre or flat-sheet-multichannel membranes and ceramic flat-sheet multichannel (or tubular) membranes for operation in low and high BA concentration ranges with higher water yield; - optimisation of the membrane modules with respect to the interaction with BA/metal complexes. Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of the transport flow in the membrane modules developed will be included; - development of a combined process of flotation and membrane separation for higher contaminated wastewater, including a hybrid process; - optimisation of the regeneration and recovery of the BAs by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM), pH adjustment etc. High concentration of specific metals in the regenerant solution will be achieved and metal re-use will be less complicated; - lab and bench-scale investigations into the selective separation of toxic metals from specially selected process water streams based on end users' requirements involving optimisation of water pretreatment as well as recovery and recycling of bonding agents. A technological and economic evaluation of the alternatives will be performed. ... . Prime Contractor: Gesellschaft für umweltkompatible Prozesstechnik an der Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbrücken; Germany.
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