Fusarium species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause serious diseases on different crops such as rice, wheat and maize. An important group of plant pathogens is the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) of closely related Fusarium species which are associated with specific hosts; F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are particularly associated with maize where they can cause serious ear-, root-, and stalk rot diseases. Two other closely related species of the GFC, F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi, which share about 90Prozent sequence identity with F. verticillioides, are pathogens on mango and rice, respectively. All of these species produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins), and harmful mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, fusarin C, or fusaric acid in large quantities. However, the spectrum of those mycotoxins might differ between closely related species suggesting that secondary metabolites might be determinants for host specificity. In this project, we will study the potential impact of secondary metabolites (i.e. phytohormones and certain mycotoxins) and some other species-specific factors (e.g. species-specific transcription factors) on host specificity. The recently sequenced genomes of F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi by our groups and the planned sequencing of F. proliferatum will help to identify such determinants by genetic manipulation of the appropriate metabolic pathway(s).
In bog ecosystems, vegetation controls key processes such as the retention of carbon, water and nutrients. In northern hemispherical bogs, a shift from Sphagnum- to vascular plant-dominated vegetation is often traced back to Climate Change and increased anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and coincides with substantially reduced capacities in carbon, water and nutrient retention. In southern Patagonia, bogs dominated by Sphagnum and vascular plants coexist since millennia under similar environmental settings. Thus, South Patagonian bogs may serve as ideal examples for the long-term effect of vascular plant invasion on carbon, water and nutrient balances of bog ecosystems. The contemporary balances of carbon and water of both a bog dominated by Sphagnum and vascular plants are determined by CO2- H2O and CH4 flux measurements and an estimation of lateral water losses as well as losses via dissolved organic and inorganic carbon compounds. The high time resolution of simultaneous eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and H2O in both bog types and the strong interaction between climatic variables and the physiology of bog plants allow for direct comparisons of carbon and water fluxes during cold, warm, dry, wet, cloudy or sunny periods. By the combination with leaf-scale measurements of gas exchange and fluorescence, plant-physiological controls of photosynthesis and transpiration can be identified. Long-term peat accumulation rates will be determined by carbon density and age-depth profiles including a characterization of peat humification characteristics. A reciprocal transplantation experiment with incorporated shading, liming and labeled N addition treatments is conducted to explore driving factors affecting competition between Sphagnum and vascular plants as well as the interactions between CO2-, CH4-, and water fluxes and decisive plant functional traits affecting key processes for carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Decomposition rates and driving below ground processes are analyzed with a litter bag field experiment and an incubation experiment in the laboratory.
The relevance of biogeochemical gradients for turnover of organic matter and contaminants is yet poorly understood. This study aims at the identification and quantification of the interaction of different redox processes along gradients. The interaction of iron-, and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis will be studied in controlled batch and column experiments. Factors constraining the accessibility and the energy yield from the use of these electron acceptors will be evaluated, such as passivation of iron oxides, re-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on iron oxides. The impact of these constraints on the competitiveness of the particular process will then be described. Special focus will be put on the evolution of methanogenic conditions in systems formerly characterized by iron and sulfate reducing condition. As methanogenic conditions mostly evolve from micro-niches, methods to study the existence, evolution and stability of such micro-niches will be established. To this end, a combination of Gibbs free energy calculations, isotope fractionation and tracer measurements, and mass balances of metabolic intermediates (small pool sizes) and end products (large pool sizes) will be used. Measurements of these parameters on different scales using microelectrodes (mm scale), micro sampling devices for solutes and gases (cm scale) and mass flow balancing (column/reactor scale) will be compared to characterize unit volumes for organic matter degradation pathways and electron flow. Of particular interest will be the impact of redox active humic substances on the competitiveness of involved terminal electron accepting processes, either acting as electron shuttles or directly providing electron accepting capacity. This will be studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the gained spectra. We expect that the results will provide a basis for improving reactive transport models of anaerobic processes in aquifers and sediments.
Das sogenannte 'Climate Engineering' beschreibt ein gezieltes Eingreifen ins Klimasystem mit dem Ziel, der globalen Erwärmung entgegen zu wirken. Zusätzlich zu dem Entfernen von Kohlendioxid und der Beeinflussung von Solarstrahlung (solar radiation management), wurde eine Methode vorgeschlagen, die zu mehr Emission von langwelliger Strahlung in den Weltall führen soll. Hierbei soll der wärmende Effekt der Zirruswolken reduziert werden. Wir wollen diese Methode in unserem Forschungsantrag genauer untersuchen. Wir planen uns auf die mittleren und hohen Breiten der Nordhemisphäre im Winter zu konzentrieren, um die Strahlungseffekte von Zirren auf die Solarstrahlung zu minimieren. Insbesondere möchten wir folgender Frage nachgehen: Ist das Ausdünnen von arktischen Zirren im Winter (AWiCiT) durchführbar und was ist die maximale Abkühlung, die hiermit erreicht werden kann? Die hiermit verbundenen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen des AWiCiT wollen wir auf der regionalen Skala hinsichtlich möglicher Änderungen der arktischen Stratosphäre insbesondere Auswirkungen auf die Ozonschicht sowie mögliche Veränderungen in tiefer liegenden Wolken mit dem gekoppelten Wettervorhersage/Chemiemodell ICON-ART studieren. Mögliche Auswirkungen auf die globale Zirkulation, Meeresströmungen sowie die Meereisbedeckung werden mit Hilfe des globalen gekoppelten Aerosol-Atmosphären-Ozean Klimamodells MPI-ESM-HAM untersucht. Um die oben genannten Fragen zu beantworten, müssen wir die gegenwärtigen globalen Zirkulationsmodelle validieren insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit die beobachtete Ausbreitung und Höhe der Zirruswolken im arktischen Winter zu reproduzieren. Des Weiteren werden wir die Transportwege der natürlichen Eiskeime und der Impf-Eiskeime unten den dynamischen Bedingungen im arktischen Winter analysieren um die Lebensdauer der Impf-Eiskeime in der Impfregion abzuschätzen. Sind die Höhen und Flugrouten der kommerziellen Langstreckenflüge geeignet um einen Großteil des Arktischen Zirrus zu impfen oder sollte die Impfgegend in mittlere Breiten ausgedehnt werden? Ist Bismut(III)-iodid (BiI3), das als Impf-Eiskeim hierfür vorgeschlagen wird, unter diesen Umständen der am besten geeignete Impfstoff? Das Ausdünnen der Zirren ist nur dann effektiv, wenn der natürlich Zirrus hauptsächlich durch homogenes Gefrieren von Lösungströpfchen entsteht. Wenn er primär durch heterogene Nukleation gebildet werden würde, würde Impfen zu einer Erwärmung statt Abkühlung führen können. Deshalb müssen die Eigenschaften der Zirren noch besser verstanden werden, insbesondere der Anteil der Zirren, der im heutigen Klima durch heterogene Nukleation gebildet wird.
In der nächsten Phase der Biodiversitäts Exploratorien sollen Experimente dabei helfen die Effekte verschiedener Landnutzungskomponenten auf Ökosysteme zu ermitteln. 'Common garden' Experimente werden genutzt, um die Umweltheterogenität zu minimieren, die ansonsten interessante Effekte verschleiert. Wir planen Grasnarben, die von n = 42 Plots der Biodiversitäts Exploratorien entnommen werden, in einem 'common garden' auszubringen wo die Intensität der Mahd und der Düngung manipuliert werden soll. In den nächsten drei bis 15 Jahren werden die Veränderungen in den Pflanzen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften auf den Grasnarben verfolgt. Hierfür wird die Zusammensetzung und Diversität der Pflanzen und Bakterien (next-generation 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) ermittelt. Zusätzlich werden noch 3D-Modelle der Pflanzengemeinschaften, die durch multispektrale Information ergänzt werden, erstellt (PlantEye F500, Phenospex, Heerlen, The Netherlands). Diese Modelle erlauben die Errechnung von Parametern, die ganze Pflanzengemeinschaften charakterisieren. Änderungen in den Pflanzen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften werden mit der Landnutzung der Plots in den vergangenen Jahren ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Wir erwarten, dass Gemeinschaften, die aus verschiedenen Plots stammen, aber die gleiche Landnutzung erfahren in Ihrer Zusammensetzung und Diversität konvergieren; Gemeinschaften aus den gleichen Plots, die aber unterschiedliche Landnutzung erfahren, sollten divergieren. Das Projekt nutzt das Vorwissen zu den einzelnen Plots in Bezug auf Landnutzung und Artenzusammensetzung, liefert neuartige Daten für die Biodiversitäts Exploratorien, und stellt einen unabhängigen und neuartigen Beitrag zu der Frage, wie Landnutzug Ökosysteme beeinflusst, dar.
The research centre 'Ocean Margins' at the University of Bremen was established in July 2001 to geoscientifically investigate the transitional zones between the oceans and the continents. The work of the research centre is a cooperative effort, with expertise provided by the geosciences department and other departments of the university, as well as by MARUM (Center for Marine Environmental Sciences), the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, the Center for Marine Tropical Ecology, and the Senckenberg Research Institute in Wilhelmshaven. Funded by the DFG, the studies focus on four main research fields: Paleoenvironment, Biogeochemical processes, Sedimentation Processes, and Environmental Impact Research. The term 'Ocean Margin' encompasses the region from the coast, across the shelf and continental slope, to the foot of the slope. Over 60 percent of the world's population live in coastal regions. These people have a long history of exploitation of coastal waters, including the recovery of raw materials and food. Human activity has recently been expanding ever farther out into the ocean, where the ocean margins have become more attractive as centers for hydrocarbon exploration, industrial fishing, and other purposes. The research themes of the centre range from environmental changes in the Tertiary to the impact of recent coastal construction, and from microbial degradation in the sediment to large-scale sediment mass wasting along continental margins. New full professorships and junior professorships have been established within the framework of this research centre. In addition to the primary research activities, a research infrastructure will be made available to outside researchers. Graduate education and the public understanding of science also play an important role. In the course of the first two rounds of the Excellence Initiative, the Research Centre was promoted to that status of a cluster of excellence, which has increased the amount of funding it receives up to the average amount of 6.5 million per annum received by clusters of excellence.
Durum wheat is mainly grown as a summer crop. An introduction of a winter form failed until now due to the difficulty to combine winter hardiness with required process quality. Winter hardiness is a complex trait, but in most regions the frost tolerance is decisive. Thereby a major QTL, which was found in T. monococcum, T.aestivum, H. vulgare and S.cereale on chromosome 5, seems especially important. With genotyping by sequencing it is now possible to make association mapping based on very high dense marker maps, which delivers new possibilities to detect main and epistatic effects. Furthermore, new sequencing techniques allow candidate gene based association mapping. The main aim of the project is to unravel the genetic architecture of frost tolerance and quality traits in durum. Thereby, the objectives are to (1) determine the genetic variance, heritability and correlations among frost tolerance and quality traits, (2) examine linkage disequilibrium and population structure, (3) investigate sequence polymorphism at candidate genes for frost tolerance, and (4) perform candidate gene based and genome wide association mapping.
Bamboos (Poaceae) are widespread in tropical and subtropical forests. Particularly in Asia, bamboos are cultivated by smallholders and increasingly in large plantations. In contrast to trees, reliable assessments of water use characteristics for bamboo are very scarce. Recently we tested a set of methods for assessing bamboo water use and obtained first results. Objectives of the proposed project are (1) to further test and develop the methods, (2) to compare the water use of different bamboo species, (3) to analyze the water use to bamboo size relationship across species, and (4) to assess effects of bamboo culm density on the stand-level transpiration. The study shall be conducted in South China where bamboos are very abundant. It is planned to work in a common garden (method testing), a botanical garden (species comparison, water use to size relationship), and on-farm (effects of culm density). Method testing will include a variety of approaches (thermal dissipation probes, stem heat balance, deuterium tracing and gravimetry), whereas subsequent steps will be based on thermal methods. The results may contribute to an improved understanding of bamboo water use characteristics and a more appropriate management of bamboo with respect to water resources.
Teilprojekt C05 hat zum Ziel, den wichtigen Eintragsweg für Kunststoffe, in Form von Mikroplastik, in die Umwelt aus technischen Anlagen (MP) mechanistisch aufzuklären. Gleichzeitig sollen neue Ansätze verfolgt werden, die zur Vermeidung bzw. Reduktion von MP aus Standardkunststoffen maßgeblich beitragen sollen. Zu diesem Zweck sollen Polyethylen, Polypropylen, Polystyrol, Nylon, Polyethylenterephthalat, Polyisopren und Polyvinylchlorid durch Beschleuniger (in situ) in ihren Oberflächeneigenschaften für die Biofilmbildung modifiziert und dadurch unter Prozessbedingungen biologisch angreifbar und abbaubar gemacht werden. So können auch Standardkunststoffe umweltverträglicher bezüglich der MP-Partikel Bildung werden. Damit geht TP C05 weit über die bislang üblichen eher deskriptiven Studien zu MP in technischen Anlagen und der Umwelt hinaus. Folgende zentrale Fragen sollen in TP C05 in Hinblick MP-Partikel in technischen Anlagen der Abfall- und Abwasserwirtschaft beantwortet werden: 1. Kommt es in den Anlagen zu spezifischen (biologischen) Abbau- und Degradationsvorgängen? 2. Wie hängen die zu beobachtenden Prozesse von MP-Charakteristika (Materialsorte, Zusammensetzung, Größe, Morphologie, Beschichtung) ab, ? 3. Lassen sich die Vorgänge ('Bioabbaubarkeit') durch gezielte Modifikation der Partikeloberfläche vor oder in den Anlagen beschleunigen? 4. Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen einer Ausbringung der (modifizierten) Partikel in die Umwelt und hier vor allem in den Boden lassen sich postulieren?
The overarching goal of our proposal is to understand the regulation of organic carbon (OC) transfor-mation across terrestrial-aquatic interfaces from soil, to lotic and lentic waters, with emphasis on ephemeral streams. These systems considerably expand the terrestrial-aquatic interface and are thus potential sites for intensive OC-transformation. Despite the different environmental conditions of ter-restrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic sites, likely major factors for the transformation of OC at all sites are the quality of the organic matter, the supply with oxygen and nutrients and the water regime. We will target the effects of (1) OC quality and priming, (2) stream sediment properties that control the advective supply of hyporheic sediments with oxygen and nutrients, and (3) the water regime. The responses of sediment associated metabolic activities, C turn-over, C-flow in the microbial food web, and the combined transformations of terrestrial and aquatic OC will be quantified and characterized in complementary laboratory and field experiments. Analogous mesocosm experiments in terrestrial soil, ephemeral and perennial streams and pond shore will be conducted in the experimental Chicken Creek catchment. This research site is ideal due to a wide but well-defined terrestrial-aquatic transition zone and due to low background concentrations of labile organic carbon. The studies will benefit from new methodologies and techniques, including development of hyporheic flow path tubes and comparative assessment of soil and stream sediment respiration with methods from soil and aquatic sciences. We will combine tracer techniques to assess advective supply of sediments, respiration measurements, greenhouse gas flux measurements, isotope labeling, and isotope natural abundance studies. Our studies will contribute to the understanding of OC mineralization and thus CO2 emissions across terrestrial and aquatic systems. A deeper knowledge of OC-transformation in the terrestrial-aquatic interface is of high relevance for the modelling of carbon flow through landscapes and for the understanding of the global C cycle.
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