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METOP GOME-2 - Formaldehyde (HCHO) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational HCHO total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational SO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. GDP 4.x performs a DOAS fit for SO2 slant column followed by an AMF / VCD computation using a single wavelength. Corrections are applied to the slant column for equatorial offset, interference of SO2 and SO2 absorption, and SZA dependence. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational NO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region (425-450 nm), using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Bromine Monoxide (BrO) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational BrO (Bromine monoxide) total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. For more details please refer to https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/missions/gome2

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks) are used for retrieving the following geophysical cloud properties from GOME and GOME-2 data: cloud fraction (cloud cover), cloud-top pressure (cloud-top height), and cloud optical thickness (cloud-top albedo). OCRA is an optical sensor cloud detection algorithm that uses the PMD devices on GOME / GOME-2 to deliver cloud fractions for GOME / GOME-2 scenes. ROCINN takes the OCRA cloud fraction as input and uses a neural network training scheme to invert GOME / GOME-2 reflectivities in and around the O2-A band. VLIDORT [Spurr (2006)] templates of reflectances based on full polarization scattering of light are used to train the neural network. ROCINN retrieves cloud-top pressure and cloud-top albedo. The cloud optical thickness is computed using libRadtran [Mayer and Kylling (2005)] radiative transfer simulations taking as input the cloud-top albedo retrieved with ROCINN. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Laermausbreitung im Freien: Messverfahren zur Bestimmung d. Eigenschaften eines Freifelduebertragungskanals, Beruecksichtigung meteor. Parameter, strukt. Beschreibung bodennaher Atmosphaere, math. Modellierung u. Untersuchungen am Ultraschallmodell

Ein bereits entwickeltes Messverfahren /1/, bei dem unter relativ stationaeren atmosphaerischen Bedingungen die Schalluebertragungsfunktion in grossen Entfernungen in kurzen Zeiten bestimmt werden kann, wird durch adaptive Filterung dahingehend erweitert, dass laengere Mittelungszeiten fuer ein hoeheres Signal-Rauschverhaeltnis ermoeglicht sind. Die Filterung /2,3/ gleicht die Phasenschwankungen im Uebertragungskanal, die durch meteorologische Bedingungen wie Wind und Temperaturschwankungen verursacht werden, aus und liefert zusaetzliche Informationen ueber die Abhaengigkeit der Schallausbreitung im Freien von meteorologischen Bedingungen /4/. Aus den so erhaltenen Uebertragungsfunktionen werden Rueckschluesse auf die uebrigen Parameter der Schallausbreitung im Freien, wie z.B. Bodenimpendanzen gezogen /5/. Grundsaetzliche Phaenomene beim Durchgang akustischer Wellen durch ein inhomogenes, turbulent strukturiertes Medium werden im Ultraschallmodell untersucht, indem die Ausbreitung eines Schallimpulses im stroemenden Medium gemessen und analysiert wird. Ziel dieser Experimente ist die Aufklaerung besonders ungedaempfter Laermausbreitung unter bestimmten Witterungsverhaeltnissen (insbesondere Windbedingungen) sowie eine verbesserte theoretische Beschreibung der Ausbreitungsvorgaenge /6/, /7/.

Indikator: Luftqualität in Ballungsräumen

<p>Die wichtigsten Fakten</p><p><ul><li>Die Grundbelastung in deutschen Ballungsräumen überschreitet ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=WHO#alphabar">WHO</a>⁠-Empfehlungen aus dem Jahr 2021 für Feinstaub (⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/p?tag=PM25#alphabar">PM2,5</a>⁠) und Stickstoffdioxid (NO₂) deutlich.</li><li>In der Nähe von Schadstoffquellen können die Belastungen sogar wesentlich höher sein.</li><li>Bei NO₂ und PM2,5 hat sich die Situation seit dem Jahr 2000 erheblich verbessert, die WHO-Empfehlungen von 2021 werden aber noch deutlich überschritten.</li><li>Die Belastung durch Ozon und PM2,5 ist stark von der ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=Witterung#alphabar">Witterung</a>⁠ abhängig. Die Werte schwanken deshalb stark.</li></ul></p><p>Welche Bedeutung hat der Indikator?</p><p>Stickstoffdioxid (NO2), Feinstaub (⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/p?tag=PM25#alphabar">PM2,5</a>⁠) und Ozon (O3) sind besonders relevant für die menschliche Gesundheit. Alle drei Schadstoffe belasten die Atemorgane. Auch Ökosysteme werden durch Ozon geschädigt.</p><p>Im Jahr 2021 veröffentlichte die ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=WHO#alphabar">WHO</a>⁠ aktualisierte Empfehlungen zur Luftqualitätsbewertung auf Basis neuester wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse zu den gesundheitlichen Wirkungen von Luftschadstoffen (<a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329">WHO 2021</a>), die zur Bewertung des Indikators herangezogen werden.</p><p>Prekär ist die Luftqualität vor allem in Ballungsräumen, in denen ein Drittel der deutschen Bevölkerung lebt: Industrie, Verkehr und Wohngebiete liegen hier nah beieinander. Einbezogen werden die Messstationen, die die Belastung im „städtischen Hintergrund“ messen, also die Grundbelastung der Stadt. An verkehrsreichen Standorten in Städten kann die Belastung jedoch deutlich höher sein. Der ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/i?tag=Indikator#alphabar">Indikator</a>⁠ stellt den mittleren Abstand aller Messstationen im städtischen Hintergrund von den Richtwerten der WHO dar.</p><p>Wie ist die Entwicklung zu bewerten?</p><p>Seit dem Jahr 2000 ist die Belastung durch Stickstoffdioxid und Feinstaub deutlich zurückgegangen, liegt aber auch aktuell noch weit über dem Ziel, bei Stickstoffdioxid 28 % über dem Ziel und bei ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/p?tag=PM25#alphabar">PM2,5</a>⁠ ca. 61 %. Die Ozonbelastung ist stark schwankend. Dies liegt vor allem am Einfluss der ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=Witterung#alphabar">Witterung</a>⁠: In heißen Sommern wie 2003 oder 2015 steigt die Ozon-Konzentration stark an. Deshalb kann für die letzten Jahre keine Aussage über den Trend der Entwicklung gemacht werden.</p><p>Die EU schrieb ihre Luftqualitäts-Ziele 2008 in der <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050">Luftqualitäts-Richtlinie</a> fest (EU-RL 2008/50/EG), im Oktober 2022 legte die Kommission einen Vorschlag zur Revision dieser Richtlinie vor (<a href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/revision-eu-ambient-air-quality-legislation_en">KOM 2022</a>), der die neuen ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=WHO#alphabar">WHO</a>⁠-Empfehlungen 2021 berücksichtigen soll. Doch auch einige der weniger ambitionierten Ziele der derzeitigen EU-Richtlinie verfehlt Deutschland noch <a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/luftqualitaet-2024">(UBA 2025)</a>. Bis die Luft in den Ballungsräumen wirklich ausreichend „sauber“ ist, ist also noch ein weiter Weg zu gehen.</p><p>Wie wird der Indikator berechnet?</p><p>Der ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/i?tag=Indikator#alphabar">Indikator</a>⁠ basiert auf Messdaten der Luftqualitätsmessnetze der Bundesländer. Betrachtet werden alle Messstellen eines Ballungsraums zur Messung der Belastung im städtischen oder vorstädtischen Hintergrund. Für diese Messstellen wird die Über- oder Unterschreitung der ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/w?tag=WHO#alphabar">WHO</a>⁠-Empfehlungen 2021 für die drei Schadstoffe NO₂, ⁠<a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/glossar/p?tag=PM25#alphabar">PM2,5</a>⁠ und O₃ berechnet. Für jeden Ballungsraum wird der mittlere Abstand der Werte aller Messstationen zur WHO-Empfehlung 2021 errechnet. Die mittleren Abstände werden dann über alle Ballungsräume gemittelt und mit dem Wert der WHO-Empfehlung 2021 normiert.</p><p><strong>Ausführliche Informationen zum Thema finden Sie im Daten-Artikel <a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/luft/luftbelastung-in-ballungsraeumen">„Luftbelastung in Ballungsräumen“</a>.</strong></p>

METOP GOME-2 - Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational NO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The operational NO2 tropospheric column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x for NO2 [Valks et al. (2011)] integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region using the DOAS method. An additional algorithm is applied to derive the tropospheric NO2 column: after subtracting the estimated stratospheric component from the total column, the tropospheric NO2 column is determined using an air mass factor based on monthly climatological NO2 profiles from the MOZART-2 model. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Water Vapour (H2O) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational H2O total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV/VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total H2O column is retrieved from GOME solar backscattered measurements in the red wavelength region (614-683.2 nm), using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks) are used for retrieving the following geophysical cloud properties from GOME and GOME-2 data: cloud fraction (cloud cover), cloud-top pressure (cloud-top height), and cloud optical thickness (cloud-top albedo). OCRA is an optical sensor cloud detection algorithm that uses the PMD devices on GOME / GOME-2 to deliver cloud fractions for GOME / GOME-2 scenes. ROCINN takes the OCRA cloud fraction as input and uses a neural network training scheme to invert GOME / GOME-2 reflectivities in and around the O2-A band. VLIDORT [Spurr (2006)] templates of reflectances based on full polarization scattering of light are used to train the neural network. ROCINN retrieves cloud-top pressure and cloud-top albedo. The cloud-top pressure for GOME scenes is derived from the cloud-top height provided by ROCINN and an appropriate pressure profile. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

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