API src

Found 785 results.

Related terms

Steine-Erden\Steinwolle-DE-2010

Herstellung von Steinwolle: Das Dämmaterial Steinwolle besteht zum größten Teil aus Basalt und Dolomit. Diese Rohstoffe werden zusammen mit verschiedenen Produktionsabfällen und Rezyklaten, die in Formsteine eingebunden sind, in einen schachtartigen Kupolofen mit Koks als Energieträger und mit O2-angereicherter Luft bei ca. 1500°C zum Schmelzen gebracht (#1+#2). Der Strahl flüssigen Gesteins wird im Anschluß mit einer Spinnmaschine meistens nach dem Kaskadenschleuderverfahren zerfasert und anschließend mit Bindemitteln (Harze) und Imprägniermitteln (Ölprodukte) besprüht. Der mittlere Faserdurchmesser beträgt 3-6 µm bei einer mittleren Länge von 3 mm (#3). Die losen Fasern werden auf einem Förderband zu einem Vlies gesammelt und auf die gewünschte Stärke gepreßt (#1). Anschließend werden sie in einem Ofen ausgehärtet (#2). Die internen Produktionsabfälle inklusive der Filterabfälle werden gesammelt, soweit wie nötig zerkleinert und mit Zement als Bindemittel zu Formkörpern verpreßt, die anschließend erneut aufgeschmolzen werden (#2). Als Quellen für die vorliegende Bilanzierung wurden die Studien #1-#3 untersucht. Die beiden letztgenannten stützen sich auf Primärdaten Deutscher und Schweizer marktbestimmender Hersteller mit dem Basisjahr ca. 1992. Ein Vergleich Deutscher und Schweizer Daten zeigt keine wesentlichen Unterschiede. Einen vollständigen Datensatz, der auch mit der Systematik von GEMIS kompatibel ist, stellt #1 (EMPA 1995) zur Verfügung. Dieser diente als Basis für die vorliegende Bilanzierung und wurde durch weitere Studien verifiziert und ergänzt. Die Datenqualität ist insgesamt als gut zu bezeichnen. Die Unsicherheit der Daten ist nach dem Vergleich der Studien als gering anzusehen. Verbesserungen des Datensatzes sind vor allen Dingen auf dem Wasserpfad, teilweise auch beim Rohstoffbedarf wünschenswert. Allokation: Als Nebenprodukte der Steinwollen-Herstellung fallen in geringen Mengen an Eisen und Granulat. Sie werden in dieser Studie nicht als Koppelprodukte betrachtet. Weder bei der Betrachtung physischer Parameter der Allokation noch bei der Betrachtung ökonomischer Parameter ergibt sich eine Signifikanz der Nebenprodukte. Daher wird keine Allokation zwischen den Steinwolle-Matten und den angesprochenen Nebenprodukten vorgenommen. Sämtliche betrachteten Prozeßparameter werden daher voll der Steinwolle angerechnet. Genese der Kennziffern Massenbilanz: Als Roh- und Hilfsstoffe werden massenmäßig vorwiegend Dolomit und Basalt in den Prozeß eingebracht (in GEMIS werden beide Stoffe mit den Daten der Extraktion des Kalksteins bilanziert). Neben den Primärrohstoffen werden auch Mineralien über Recyclingmaterial eingebracht. Dabei handelt es sich sowohl um interne Abfälle aus der Zerfaserung als auch um div. Wollabfälle von Baustellen und produktionsinterne Stäube (sie tauchen in der Input/Output-Bilanz von GEMIS nicht auf). Diese werden zusammen mit Zusatzsteinen (Felsbrocken/Kies) in Zement eingebunden als Briketts in den Prozeß eingebracht (#1). Bei der Aufstellung der einzelnen Rohstoffe bestehen leichte Abweichungen zwischen den deutschen und Schweizer Quellen (#2, #1). In der Gesamtsumme stimmen die Quellen jedoch sehr gut überein. Die Unterschiede beruhen auf Differenzen bei der Deklaration. In dieser Studie werden die Angaben der Schweizer Studie übernommen. Roh- und Hilfsstoffe, die weit weniger als 1 Masse% ausmachen (Ammoniumbicarbonat, Kalkhydrat, Salzsäure und Silan) werden aufgrund geringerer Relevanz und fehlender Vorketten nicht mitbilanziert. Zusätzlich zum aufgeführten Roh- und Hilfsstoffbedarf werden ca. 28 kg reiner Sauerstoff pro Tonne Steinwolle in den Prozeß eingebracht, um die Verbrennungsluft im Kupolofen anzureichern (#2). Nebenprodukte: Neben den Steinwollenmatten fällt ein Granulat der Steinwolle an, das nicht vollständig aufgefasert werden kann. Es wird jedoch nicht wieder in den Prozeß eingebracht, sondern als Schüttdämmstoff verwendet (#1). Außerdem fällt im Sumpf des Kupolofens Eisen an. Dieses ist als Eisen(II)- oder als Eisen(III)-Oxid in den Mineralien Basalt und Diabas enthalten. Als Folge der reduzierenden Ofenatmosphäre sammelt es sich in Ofensumpf und wird dort diskontinuierlich abgezogen (#2). Energiebedarf: Der Energiebedarf für die Herstellung der Steinwolle beträgt ca. 8170 MJ/t Steinwolle. Dabei gliedert er sich folgendermaßen nach den einzelnen Energieträgern: Tab.: Anteile Energieträger zur Energiebereitstellung bei der Herstellung von Steinwolle (#1+#3) Energieträger Menge in MJ/t Steinwolle Anteil in % Steinkohlenkoks 5115 63 Heizöl EL 1970 24 Strom 1085 13 Summe 8170 100 Steinkohlenkoks wird direkt im Schachtofen zum Schmelzen der Mineralien eingesetzt. Heizöl EL wird jeweils ungefähr zur Hälfte im Schmelzofen und in den Härteöfen eingesetzt. Der Strom wird unter anderem für Transportprozesse und die Rauchgasreinigung benötigt (#3). Prozessbedingte Luftemissionen: Prozeßbedingte Luftemissionen entstammen dem Kupolofen, dem Härteofen mit Kühlzone und der Sägeanlage. Die Abgase laufen alle über Filter im Falle des Kupolofens über eine weitergehende Rauchgasreinigung. Die besten verfügbaren Daten finden sich in #1 für die Schweiz. Sie werden in der vorliegenden Form in dieser Studie übernommen. Ein Vergleich mit #2 zeigt keine signifikanten Abweichungen. Wasserinanspruchnahme: Wasser wird vor allen Dingen und in großen Mengen zu Kühlzwecken eingesetzt. Von den 12,7 m³/t Steinwolle eingesetzten Wassers fallen 11,2 m³ als nicht oder nur gering verunreinigtes Abwasser an. Lediglich das in dieser Studie nicht betrachtete Sanitärwasser wird stärker verunreinigt einer Abwasserreinigung zugeführt (#1). Abwasserinhaltsstoffe: Da das Wasser vorwiegend zu Kühlzwecken eingesetzt wird, tritt keine nennenswerte stoffliche Verunreinigung auf. Reststoffe: Der mengenmäßig größte Teil der Reststoffe kann wieder in den Prozeß eingebracht werden. Weitere Abfälle wie Lösungsmittelabfälle, Altöle und Filtermaterial fallen nicht in nennenswerten Mengen an (#1). Sie werden in GEMIS nicht weiter betrachtet. Auslastung: 5000h/a Brenn-/Einsatzstoff: Rohstoffe gesicherte Leistung: 100% Jahr: 2010 Lebensdauer: 20a Leistung: 1t/h Nutzungsgrad: 160% Produkt: Baustoffe

MIN4EU LGRB-BW: near-surface mineral raw material occurrences - harmonized dataset

Since 1999, the Geologic Survey of Baden-Württemberg publishes a statewide geological map series 1 : 50 000 "Karte der mineralischen Rohstoffe 1 : 50 000 (KMR 50)". On it, the distribution of near-surface mineral raw material prospects and occurrences (mainly) and deposits (subordinate) is shown. This continuously completed and updated map currently covers around 60% of the federal state. It is the base for the regional associations in the task of mineral planning. The prospects and occurrences are classified according to different raw material groups (e.g. raw material for crushed stone (limestone, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sand and gravel), raw materials for cement, dimension stone, high purity limestone, gypsum ...). Their spatial delineation is based on various group-specific criteria such as minimum workable thickness, minimum resources, ratio overburden/workable thickness, and so on. It is assumed that they contain deposits as a whole or in parts. In the vast majority of cases, the data is not sufficient for the immediate planning of mining projects, but it does facilitate the selection of exploration areas. The name of each area (e.g. L 6926-3) consists of three parts. L = roman rnumeral fo 50, 6926 = sheet number of the topographic map 1 : 50 000, 3 = number of the area/mineral occurrence shown on this sheet. Co-occurring land-use conflicts, e.g. water protection areas and nature conservation areas, forestry and agriculture, are not taken into account in the processing of KMR 50. Their assessment is the task of land use planning, the licensing authorities and the companies interested in mining. The data is stored in the statewide raw material area database "olan-db" of the LGRB.

Markt für Gold

technologyComment of gold mine operation and refining (SE): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. References: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp technologyComment of gold production (US): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. BENEFICIATION: Bald Mountain Mines: The ore treatment method is based on conventional heap leaching technology followed by carbon absorption. The loaded carbon is stripped and refined in the newly commissioned refinery on site. Water is supplied by wells located on the mine property. Grid power was brought to Bald Mountain Mine in 1996. For this purpose, one 27-kilometre 69 KVA power line was constructed from the Alligator Ridge Mine substation to the grid. Golden Sunlight Mines: The ore treatment plant is based on conventional carbon-in-pulp technology, with the addition of a Sand Tailings Retreatment (STR) gold recovery plant to recover gold that would otherwise be lost to tailings. The STR circuit removes the heavier gold bearing pyrite from the sand portion of the tailings by gravity separation. The gold is refined into doré at the mine. Tailing from the mill is discharged to an impoundment area where the solids are allowed to settle so the water can be reused. A cyanide recovery/destruction process was commissioned in 1998. It eliminates the hazard posed to wildlife at the tailings impoundment by lowering cyanide concentrations below 20 mg/l. Fresh water for ore processing, dust suppression, and fire control is supplied from the Jefferson Slough, which is an old natural channel of the Jefferson River. Ore processing also uses water pumped from the tailings impoundment. Pit water is treated in a facility located in the mill complex prior to disposal or for use in dust control. Drinking water is made available by filtering fresh water through an on-site treatment plant. Electric power is provided from a substation at the south property boundary. North-Western Energy supplies electricity the substation. Small diesel generators are used for emergency lighting. A natural gas pipeline supplies gas for heating buildings, a crusher, air scrubber, boiler, carbon reactivation kiln, and refining furnaces. Cortez Mine: Three different metallurgical processes are employed for the recovery of gold. The process used for a particular ore is determined based on grade and metallurgical character of that ore. Lower grade oxide ore is heap leached, while higher-grade non-refractory ore is treated in a conventional mill using cyanidation and a carbon-in-leach (“CIL”) process. When carbonaceous ore is processed by Barrick, it is first dry ground, and then oxidized in a circulating fluid bed roaster, followed by CIL recovery. In 2002 a new leach pad and process plant was commissioned; this plant is capable of processing 164 million tonnes of heap leach ore over the life of the asset. Heap leach ore production is hauled directly to heap leach pads for gold recovery. Water for process use is supplied from the open pit dewatering system. Approximately 90 litres per second of the pit dewatering volume is diverted for plant use. Electric power is supplied by Sierra Pacific Power Company (“SPPC”) through a 73 kilometre, 120 kV transmission line. A long-term agreement is in place with SPPC to provide power through the regulated power system. The average power requirement of the mine is about 160 GWh/year. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. OTHER MINES: Information about the technology used in the remaining mines is described in the References. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. References: Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Barrick (2006b) Environment: Performance Tables from http://www.barrick. com/Default.aspx?SectionID=8906c4bd-4ee4-4f15-bf1b-565e357c01e1& LanguageId=1 Newmont (2005b) Now & Beyond: Sustainability Reports. Newmont Mining Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/social/reporting/ index.asp technologyComment of gold production (CA): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. BENEFICIATION: In the Porcupine Mines, gold is recovered using a combination of gravity concentration, milling and cyanidation techniques. The milling process consists of primary crushing, secondary crushing, rod/ball mill grinding, gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, carbon-in-pulp gold recovery, stripping, electrowinning and refining. In the Campbell Mine, the ore from the mine, after crushing and grinding, is processed by gravity separation, flotation, pressure oxidation, cyanidation and carbon-in-pulp process followed by electro-winning and gold refining to doré on site. The Musselwhite Mine uses gravity separation, carbon in pulp, electro¬winning and gold refining to doré on site. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Effluents are discharged into the ocean. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (AU): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (TZ): The mining of ore from open pit and underground mines is considered. technologyComment of gold refinery operation (ZA): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold refinery operation (RoW): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (PG): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The recovery processes of the Misima Mine are cyanide leach and carbon in pulp (CIP). The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: The recovery process in the Porgera Mine is pressure oxidation and cyanide leach. The slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. WATER SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, process water is supplied from pit dewatering bores and in-pit water. Potable water is sourced from boreholes in the coastal limestone. For Porgera Mine, the main water supply of the mine is the Waile Creek Dam, located approximately 7 kilometres from the mine. The reservoir has a capacity of approximately 717, 000 m3 of water. Water for the grinding circuit is also extracted from Kogai Creek, which is located adjacent to the grinding circuit. The mine operates four water treatment plants for potable water and five sewage treatment plants. ENERGY SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site or with own power generators, from diesel and heavy fuel oil. For Porgera Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site. Assumed with Mobius / Wohlwill electrolysis. Porgera's principal source of power is supplied by a 73-kilometre transmission line from the gas fired and PJV-owned Hides Power Station. The station has a total output of 62 megawatts (“MW”). A back up diesel power station is located at the mine and has an output of 13MW. The average power requirement of the mine is about 60 MW. For both Misima and Porgera Mines, an 18 MW diesel fired power station supplies electrical power. Diesel was used in the station due to the unavailability of previously supplied heavy fuel oil. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (CA-QC): One of the modelled mine is an open-pit mine and the two others are underground. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (RoW): The mining of ore from open pit mines is considered. technologyComment of platinum group metal, extraction and refinery operations (ZA): The ores from the different ore bodies are processed in concentrators where a PGM concentrate is produced with a tailing by product. The PGM base metal concentrate product from the different concentrators processing the different ores are blended during the smelting phase to balance the sulphur content in the final matte product. Smelter operators also carry out toll smelting from third part concentrators. The smelter product is send to the Base metal refinery where the PGMs are separated from the Base Metals. Precious metal refinery is carried out on PGM concentrate from the Base metal refinery to split the PGMs into individual metal products. Water analyses measurements for Anglo Platinum obtained from literature (Slatter et.al, 2009). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” Water share between MC and EC from Mudd (2010). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” technologyComment of primary zinc production from concentrate (RoW): The technological representativeness of this dataset is considered to be high as smelting methods for zinc are consistent in all regions. Refined zinc produced pyro-metallurgically represents less than 5% of global zinc production and less than 2% of this dataset. Electrometallurgical Smelting The main unit processes for electrometallurgical zinc smelting are roasting, leaching, purification, electrolysis, and melting. In both electrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical zinc production routes, the first step is to remove the sulfur from the concentrate. Roasting or sintering achieves this. The concentrate is heated in a furnace with operating temperature above 900 °C (exothermic, autogenous process) to convert the zinc sulfide to calcine (zinc oxide). Simultaneously, sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, which is subsequently converted to sulfuric acid in acid plants, usually located with zinc-smelting facilities. During the leaching process, the calcine is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid solution (re-circulated back from the electrolysis cells) to produce aqueous zinc sulfate solution. The iron impurities dissolve as well and are precipitated out as jarosite or goethite in the presence of calcine and possibly ammonia. Jarosite and goethite are usually disposed of in tailing ponds. Adding zinc dust to the zinc sulfate solution facilitates purification. The purification of leachate leads to precipitation of cadmium, copper, and cobalt as metals. In electrolysis, the purified solution is electrolyzed between lead alloy anodes and aluminum cathodes. The high-purity zinc deposited on aluminum cathodes is stripped off, dried, melted, and cast into SHG zinc ingots (99.99 % zinc). Pyro-metallurgical Smelting The pyro-metallurgical smelting process is based on the reduction of zinc and lead oxides into metal with carbon in an imperial smelting furnace. The sinter, along with pre-heated coke, is charged from the top of the furnace and injected from below with pre-heated air. This ensures that temperature in the center of the furnace remains in the range of 1000-1500 °C. The coke is converted to carbon monoxide, and zinc and lead oxides are reduced to metallic zinc and lead. The liquid lead bullion is collected at the bottom of the furnace along with other metal impurities (copper, silver, and gold). Zinc in vapor form is collected from the top of the furnace along with other gases. Zinc vapor is then condensed into liquid zinc. The lead and cadmium impurities in zinc bullion are removed through a distillation process. The imperial smelting process is an energy-intensive process and produces zinc of lower purity than the electrometallurgical process. technologyComment of processing of anode slime from electrorefining of copper, anode (GLO): Based on typical current technology. Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, copper telluride cement and crude selenium to further processing. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (CL): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. BENEFICIATION: The processing plant consists of primary crushing, a pre-crushing circuit, (semi autogenous ball mill crushing) grinding, leaching, filtering and washing, Merrill-Crowe plant and doré refinery. The Merrill-Crowe metal recovery circuit is better than a carbon-in-pulp system for the high-grade silver material. Tailings are filtered to recover excess water as well as residual cyanide and metals. A dry tailings disposal system was preferred to a conventional wet tailings impoundment because of site-specific environmental considerations. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (RoW): Refinement is estimated with electrolysis-data. technologyComment of treatment of precious metal from electronics scrap, in anode slime, precious metal extraction (SE, RoW): Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, Palladium to further processing

MIN4EU LGRB-BW: near-surface mineral raw material occurrences - harmonized dataset

Since 1999, the Geologic Survey of Baden-Württemberg publishes a statewide geological map series 1 : 50 000 "Karte der mineralischen Rohstoffe 1 : 50 000 (KMR 50)". On it, the distribution of near-surface mineral raw material prospects and occurrences (mainly) and deposits (subordinate) is shown. This continuously completed and updated map currently covers around 60% of the federal state. It is the base for the regional associations in the task of mineral planning. The prospects and occurrences are classified according to different raw material groups (e.g. raw material for crushed stone (limestone, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sand and gravel), raw materials for cement, dimension stone, high purity limestone, gypsum ...). Their spatial delineation is based on various group-specific criteria such as minimum workable thickness, minimum resources, ratio overburden/workable thickness, and so on. It is assumed that they contain deposits as a whole or in parts. In the vast majority of cases, the data is not sufficient for the immediate planning of mining projects, but it does facilitate the selection of exploration areas. The name of each area (e.g. L 6926-3) consists of three parts. L = roman rnumeral fo 50, 6926 = sheet number of the topographic map 1 : 50 000, 3 = number of the area/mineral occurrence shown on this sheet. Co-occurring land-use conflicts, e.g. water protection areas and nature conservation areas, forestry and agriculture, are not taken into account in the processing of KMR 50. Their assessment is the task of land use planning, the licensing authorities and the companies interested in mining. The data is stored in the statewide raw material area database "olan-db" of the LGRB.

The innovation fund

This report analyses a range of options for designing the EU Innovation Fund (IF), a financing instrument created under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) to support technological breakthrough for low-carbon innovations in the power sector and industry. The report combines a look at lessons learned from the IF’s predecessor mechanism “NER 300” with insights from the respective emission reduction technology options in three key industry sectors (steel, cement, pulp & paper) based on a literature review and interviews: on this basis, the paper concludes with recommendations for the IF’s design.

Über die Hälfte aller Deutschen durch Lärm belästigt

Lärmschutz neben „Meere“ und „Nachhaltig Bauen und Wohnen“ dritter Arbeitsschwerpunkt des UBA in 2013 Das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) rät dringend zu mehr Engagement beim Lärmschutz: „Lärm ist eine Belastung, die zwar nur lokal wirkt, aber nahezu flächendeckend in Deutschland auftritt. Jeder zweite Mensch in Deutschland fühlt sich durch Lärm gestört und belästigt. Und dieser Lärm nervt nicht nur, er kann auch krank machen“, sagte Behörden-Präsident Jochen Flasbarth bei der Vorstellung der UBA-„Schwerpunkte 2013“ in Berlin. Er verwies auf Studien seines Hauses, wonach bereits niedrige Dauerschallpegel von 40 dB(A) in der Nacht das Risiko für Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten und psychische Erkrankungen signifikant steigen lassen. Hauptlärmquelle ist seit langem der Straßenverkehr; rund 54 Prozent der Deutschen fühlen sich nach einer repräsentativen UBA-Umfrage in ihrem Wohnumfeld durch Autos, LKW und Co. belästigt oder gestört. Laut Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) gehen in Westeuropa jährlich 61.000 „gesunde“ Lebensjahre durch verkehrslärmbedingte Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen verloren. Vom Schienenverkehr fühlt sich bundesweit laut ⁠ UBA ⁠-Umfrage jeder dritte Einwohner beeinträchtigt. Die Schiene steht damit auf Platz zwei der verkehrsbedingten Lärmquellen. Sorgen machen vor allem die großen Güterverkehrskorridore, auf denen vor allem nachts gefahren wird: „Unnötiger Lärm durch Güterzüge darf nicht weiter die Achillesferse der im Vergleich zum LKW sonst sehr umweltfreundlichen Schiene sein. Im Mittelrheintal und anderen stark befahrenen Strecken treten auf einzelnen Abschnitten Lärmpegel auf, die weit über dem liegen, was aus Gründen des Gesundheitsschutzes verträglich ist“, sagte Flasbarth. Das Geräusch der Züge auf der Schiene lässt sich aber einfach minimieren: Dazu müssen die Gleise möglichst glatt gehalten werden, etwa durch regelmäßiges Schleifen. Die wichtigste - und kosteneffizienteste - Methode setzt bei den Güterwagen selbst an, genauer an deren Bremsen: „Gerade bei alten Güterwagen im Bestand lohnt es sich, die klassischen Grauguss-Bremsklötze gegen moderne Alternativen aus Kunststoff zu tauschen. Das verhindert, dass die Räder sich aufrauen und die Gleise beschädigen. Die Züge rollen dadurch deutlich leiser. Um die Umrüstung der Altbestände zu beschleunigen, bieten sich nach Lärm gestaffelte Trassenpreise an“, so Flasbarth. Weiterer Schwerpunkt für das UBA in 2013: Die Meere. Für den Menschen weitestgehend unbewohnbar, bedecken sie über 70 Prozent der Erdoberfläche. Aber selbst in bislang unberührten Zonen auf der hohen See finden immer mehr wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten statt: Fischerei, Schiffsverkehr und neuerdings auch die Suche nach Rohstoffen. Allein in Europa bietet die „Blaue Wirtschaft“ rund 5,4 Millionen Menschen Arbeitsplätze und erzielt eine Brutto-Wertschöpfung von 600 Milliarden Euro. Die ökologischen Schäden durch eine überzogene Nutzung der Meere wirken sich somit auch negativ auf die Wirtschaft aus. Der gravierendste menschliche Eingriff in die Meere ist die Überfischung. Sie ist Folge einer über viele Jahre nicht nachhaltigen Fischerei-Politik mit zu hohen Fangmengen und umweltschädlichen Fangmethoden. Im Mittelmeer gelten laut EU-Kommission 80 Prozent der Bestände überfischt. Das UBA begrüßt daher Planungen der EU-Kommission, wonach zwischen 2014 und 2020 ein Rückwurfverbot für die nicht beabsichtigen Beifänge eingeführt werden soll. Das Europaparlament hatte im Februar 2013 einen entsprechenden Vorschlag der EU-Kommission unterstützt. Diese Nacht stimmten auch die EU-Fischerei-Minister dem Vorschlag zu, möchten aber Beifänge in Höhe von sieben Prozent weiter erlauben. Das Verbot soll nach und nach bis 2019 in Kraft treten. Das EU-Parlament muss dem Kompromissvorschlag noch zustimmen. Für die deutsche Nord- und Ostsee ist die ⁠ Eutrophierung ⁠ (Überdüngung) mit Nährstoffen das größte Problem. Die Stickstoffverbindungen kommen zu rund drei Viertel über die Flüsse ins Meer. Quelle ist vor allem die Landwirtschaft. Auch für den Menschen ist die Überdüngung gerade im Sommer spürbar: Bestimmte toxische Algenblüten, ausgelöst durch Nährstoffüberschuss im Meer und oft erkennbar an Schaumkronen. Mit Meeresfrüchten aufgenommen, führen diese Gifte im schlimmsten Fall zu Erbrechen und Durchfall. Bei am Meeresboden lebenden Tieren wie Krebsen, Muscheln oder Schnecken bewirken abgestorbene Algen akuten Sauerstoffmangel und ziehen ganze Populationen in Mitleidenschaft. „Die wichtigste Quelle des Stickstoffs in Nord- und Ostsee ist die Landwirtschaft. Die EU kann hier über die gemeinsame Agrarpolitik GAP mehr Anreize setzen - etwa über Vorgaben zum guten Zustand der Böden, damit Abschwemmungen von Nährstoffen durch ⁠ Erosion ⁠ vermieden werden. Gegen die unerwünschte Düngung von Meer und Ozean helfen auch breitere Pufferstreifen an Flüssen und Seen, auf denen bestenfalls nur eine extensive Nutzung stattfinden sollte; am besten als Grünland“, sagte Flasbarth. Dritter UBA-Schwerpunkt ist „Nachhaltig Bauen und Wohnen“. UBA-Präsident Jochen Flasbarth: „Umweltfreundlich Bauen und Wohnen ist mehr als nur ⁠ Klimaschutz ⁠. Neben guter Wärmedämmung und dem Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien gehört dazu auch ein möglichst sparsamer Einsatz von ressourceneffizient hergestellten und verwendeten Baumaterialien.“ Der Baustoffsektor gehört in Deutschland zu den rohstoffintensivsten Sektoren. Im gesamten Hoch- und Tiefbaubestand lagern rund 60 Milliarden Tonnen mineralischer Baustoffe. Jedes Jahr kommen weit über 500 Millionen Tonnen dazu. Allein 25 Millionen Tonnen Zement fließen pro Jahr in den Bausektor, außerdem sechs Millionen Tonnen Stahl und eine halbe Million Tonnen Kupfer. Das UBA empfiehlt, den Rohstoffgehalt von Baustoffen und deren Recycling-Tauglichkeit zu kennzeichnen und bevorzugt Baustoffe aus Sekundärrohstoffen einzusetzen.

Decomposition analysis of CO₂ emissions in the European cement sector

Based on a methodological approach developed by Branger und Quirion (2015), the authors analyse the drivers governing the development of ⁠ CO2 ⁠ emissions from cement production from 2005 to 2018 for the EU28 as a whole and selected EU countries using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method. At the EU28 level, CO2 emissions declined from 150 MtCO2 in 2005 to 120 MtCO2 in 2018. We find that effects on cement clinker demand govern the development of CO2 emissions in the EU cement sector. Spain and Italy, among the EU countries most severely affected by the economic crisis of 2008/09 and the European debt crisis in 2011/12, are the major contributors to reductions in CO2 emissions. The main drivers behind the observed decline are construction activity and further activity effects. While the first one is arguably not directly affected by CO2 pricing, the latter needs to be understood in more detail to allow for clear conclusions. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 02/2022.

Final Report of the Project „Using Standardized Baselines (CDM) for Achieving Climate Policy Goals in Developing Countries (Suppressed Demand)”

Standardised Baselines (SBs) shall improve the opportunities for least developed countries and other underrepresented regions to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). SBs allow for shifting the effort of developing baseline scenarios and additionality testing from the individual project to the sectoral level. This research project followed two separate approaches in order to gather experiences with the development of SBs and to contribute to the advancement of the SB regulatory framework. Under the first approach, an SB for rural electrification in Ethiopia was developed in cooperation with the Ethiopian Designated National Authority, which submitted the SB to the ⁠ UNFCCC ⁠ Secretariat. In the second part of the project, a scoping study assesses how SBs can be developed to cover complex integrated production processes. The Indonesian cement sector was chosen as case for this study. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 10/2015.

The Innovation Fund: how can it support low-carbon industry in Europe?

This report analyses a range of options for designing the EU Innovation Fund (IF), a financing instrument created under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) to support technological breakthrough for low-carbon innovations in the power sector and industry. The report combines a look at lessons learned from the IF’s predecessor mechanism “NER 300” with insights from the respective emission reduction technology options in three key industry sectors (steel, cement, pulp & paper) based on a literature review and interviews: on this basis, the paper concludes with recommendations for the IF’s design. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 06/2018.

Dekarbonisierung der industriellen Produktion (DekarbInd) - Teilbericht 3: Bewertung von Dekarbonisierungsmaßnahmen und Erarbeitung von Eckpunkten einer Roadmap für die Zementindustrie

Die vollständige Dekarbonisierung der deutschen Industrie ist eine Mammutaufgabe, die grundlegende Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft hat und nur unter Einbindung aller ⁠ Stakeholder ⁠ erfolgreich werden kann. Das Projekt "DekarbInd" hat in verschiedenen Workshops mit diesen Stakeholdern gemeinsam Lösungen erarbeitet. Teilbericht 3: Als Ergebnis dieses Teilvorhabens liegen Eckpunkte einer Gesamt-Roadmap für die Dekarbonisierung der deutschen Zement- und Betonindustrie vor, die alle technologischen Hebel und Treiber, Hemmnisse und Handlungsfelder im Überblick darstellen. Ergänzt werden diese durch drei Detail-Roadmaps für die vertieft betrachteten Teilbereiche „Thermische Energie“, „Neue Zemente und Betonbautechniken“ sowie „Carbon-Capture and Usage/Storage (CCUS)“. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 07/2024.

1 2 3 4 5 … 77 78 79