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A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

Digital Elevation Models and Time-Lapse Imagery from Analogue Experiments on the Interaction between Magma Injection and Rainfall-Driven Surface Processes

This dataset documents a series of analogue experiments designed to investigate the coupled evolution of magma-driven surface uplift and rainfall-driven geomorphic processes. Seven controlled laboratory experiments were conducted, each combining shallow intrusion of a magma analogue with imposed rainfall of varying intensity, in order to systematically explore the role of surface processes under different forcing conditions. The experimental setup consists of a rigid Plexiglas container filled with a water-saturated granular mixture formulated to reproduce brittle crustal behaviour under wet conditions. Magmatic intrusion was simulated by injecting a fixed volume (360 cm³) of low-viscosity polyglycerine through a basal inlet at three distinct injection rates, while surface processes were imposed using an overhead rainfall system delivering three different rainfall intensities. Topographic evolution during each experiment was monitored using a structured-light laser scanner (Artec Leo). For every model run, six Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were generated at synchronised stages corresponding to 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the injected volume, yielding a total of 42 DEMs. Raw scans were processed through a triangulated irregular network (TIN) meshing workflow and subsequently rasterised to GeoTIFF format without additional post-processing, in order to preserve the original topographic signal. In parallel, time-lapse photographic documentation was acquired throughout each experiment using a digital camera, providing a complementary visual record of dome growth, surface incision and sediment redistribution. The dataset is organised into two main components: (i) high-resolution topographic datasets (DEMs) and (ii) time-indexed photographic sequences, both linked to the temporal evolution of each experiment. Quality control procedures include scanner calibration prior to acquisition, verification of mesh consistency and raster resolution, and a closed-system experimental design ensuring mass conservation. All data are distributed in their original formats and accompanied by detailed documentation describing experimental procedures, data processing workflows, and file organisation, enabling reproducibility and reuse in quantitative analyses of coupled magmatic and surface processes. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at University Roma Tre, Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Rheology of PDMS silicones used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (CUP)

This dataset provides rheometric data of three PDMS silicones used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (CUP). The material samples have been analyzed at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam (HelTec) using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature (21˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^4 to 1 s^-1 were performed. According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi-Newtonian (n~1) at strain rates below 10-2 s-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. The viscosities of the three materials range between 8*10^4 to 3*10^5 Pa s.

Analogue modeling results showing fault network evolution during multiphase triaxial strain

This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and digital elevation models (DEM) applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1). Six generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. In Series A, as extension velocity increases, the initial biaxial plane strain condition evolves into triaxial constrictional or intermediate strain. Models A1 and A2 are two-phase models and Model A3 is a three-phase model. Conversely, in Series B, as extension velocity decreases, the model starts with triaxial constrictional strain and ends up with biaxial plane or intermediate triaxial strain. Models B1and B2 are two-phase models and Model B3 is a three-phase model. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (2025) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography, the horizontal cumulative surface strain, and incremental profiles.

Ring-shear test data of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g., Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of quartz sand S80 are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.59, and µR = 0.69, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 0-80 Pa. The material shows no rate-dependency (<1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v). The tested bulk material consists of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 with grain size of ~0.63-355 µm (D50 = 175 µm. Bulk and grain densities are 1300 kg/m³ and 2650 kg/m³, respectively and the hardness is 7 on Moh’s scale. S80 is sold e.g., by the company SIBELCO (sibelco.com).

Digital Image Correlation data from experiments of releasing bend evolution within different strength wet kaolin

The data set includes the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) results for four experiments of releasing bends along dextral strike-slip faults that were performed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). Gabriel et al. (in prep.) used the DIC data sets to investigate how releasing bend fault systems evolve within different strength wet kaolin. Information on the experimental set up and methods can be found in the main text and supplement to Gabriel et al. (in prep.). The data here include the incremental displacement time series, strain animation and surface elevation data at the end of the two experiments with different clay strength, which are presented within Gabriel et al. (in prep). We also include in this data repository incremental displacement time series and strain animations from two experiments that repeat the conditions of the experiments featured in Gabriel et al. (2025).

SLIDEX Extreme climate-tectonics controls on landslides

We implemented, by means of analogue laboratory modelling, the key processes of the feedback among erosion and landslides, isostatic response and lithospheric flexure, to address how these lead to landsliding. The processes involved have different response times and characteristic length-scales and/or threshold behaviours and are suitable to the investigation in scaled analogue experiment, which aptly capture the behaviour of the natural prototype. These processes have been simulated using sand, to simulate mountain slopes, erosion and landslides, and viscous solids, e.g., syrup and silicone, to simulate the underlying lithosphere and mantle. This approach combines established techniques, such as laboratory fluid-filled tanks reproducing deformation and restoring force of the Earth’s mantle, and silicone to reproduce the viscoelastic lithosphere dynamics, whereas sand is used to capture the plastic behaviour of slopes and landslides, while climate-driven precipitation is routinely simulated to address slope erosion. All the modelling techniques are well established, minimising the risk of the project. Combining these techniques into a single modelling approach is novel as it reliably captures the feedback between processes acting across vastly different spatial and temporal scales, so far addressed in isolation. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (University of Roma TRE, Italy), supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Results of analogue tectonic models of rifting and tectonic lineament reactivation along the Main Ethiopian Rift

This data set includes results from a total of 13 analogue tectonic models aimed at simulating the activation of tectonic lineaments associated with the Main Ethiopian Rift in eastern Africa. We use a model set-up based on previous work by Zwaan et al. (2021, 2022). This set-up involves a velocity discontinuity (VD, i.e., the edge of a mobile base plate) to induce extension in the overlying brittle- and viscous model materials representing the upper and lower crust, respectively. Additional structural weaknesses (seeds) at the base of the brittle layer serve to represent activated tectonic weaknesses in nature. Model parameters (different VD and seed orientation, and different seed diameters) are summarized in Table 1. The model results presented in this data publication are obtained through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) analyses. A more detailed description of model set-up, model results, and their interpretation can be found in Zwaan et al. (2025)

Data and scripts from Neighbouring segments control on earthquake recurrence patterns: Insights from scaled seismotectonic models

We provide particle image correlation data from the 16 laboratory experiments with Foamquake seismotectonic model simulating analog megathrust seismic cycles and supporting scripts. To monitor analog seismic cycles, we use a high-resolution camera taking images at 50 frames per second as an analog of a geodetic satellite. We are using a trench orthogonal surface velocity time series extracted from the central points located above the seismic asperities using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method. The scripts and datasets are provided as supplementary materials to the article "Neighbouring segments control on earthquake recurrence patterns: Insights from scaled seismotectonic models" by Latypova et al., 2025. The data originate from analog experiments using the Foamquake seismotectonic model, designed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) at Roma Tre University to replicate megathrust seismic cycles. Observations were recorded with a high-resolution camera, and surface velocity fields were extracted using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, which applies cross-correlation between consecutive frames.

Rheological tests of viscous material mixtures used as lithosphere analogues

This dataset contains rheological and density measurements of viscous material mixtures used to simulate the lithosphere in analogue modeling of tectonic processes. Simulating lithospheric deformation occurring in nature over geological time scales requires appropriately scaled materials for the laboratory experiments. Here, we characterize viscous materials that can exhibit Newtonian and/or non-Newtonian behavior depending on the applied strain rate. We conducted rotational tests in controlled shear rate mode (i.e., shear rate was increased while keeping the temperature constant) and temperature ramp tests (i.e., temperature was varied while keeping temperature constant) on eight different materials, including pure Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), pure plastiline (Hartum Color Plaxtin Soft), and mixtures of these materials with fillers (iron powder and/or silicone oil). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics of the University Roma Tre supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

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