In this dataset, we present grain size and XRF element data of Holocene floodplain and colluvial, Pleistocene loess and Triassic (Buntsandstein) samples from the catchment of the Weiße Elster River (Central Germany). The samples were taken during the DFG-funded project 'Imprints of rapid climate changes and human activity on Holocene hydro-sedimentary dynamics in Central Europe (loess-covered Weiße Elster model region)' [SU491/6-1, ET20/10-1, VE117/7-1, WE5518/1-1, ZI721/13-1] between 2017 - 2025, using open outcrops, hand augering (Pürckhauer) or drilling with an Atlas Copco Cobra Pro hammer. The goal of this study was to obtain sediment provenance for Holocene overbank sediments in the middle Weiße Elster floodplain.