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Carbon isotopes in OIB Mantle source

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Crystal Size Distribution Analyses of Isothermal Deformation Experiments

In this work we aimed to investigate and quantify the relative importance of dynamic conditions (e.g., stirring in a Concentric Cylinder apparatus) on the crystallization kinetics of basaltic magmas (Stromboli). This was achieved by observing the final textures of the samples, analysing the resulting SEM images, and finally relating the resulting parameters to specific growth and nucleation rates. The dataset is made of: 1) A folder called "SEM Images" with two sub-folders inside, representative of the two experiments carried out, called "CG1" and "CG2.3" 2) An Excel file, consisting in 4 data sheets, where all results of image analysis are included, divided in sections. The sheets are also available in CSV format. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at High Pressure - High Temperature Laboratory (HPHT Lab), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry trace element chemistry of sulfides from the Aouli Ag-Pb-Zn-(Cu) vein system (Upper Moulouya district, Morocco)

This data report presents the in-situ LA-ICP-MS trace element composition of sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite from the Aouli Ag-Pb-Zn-(Cu) vein system in the Upper Moulouya district, Morocco. The dataset contributes to a study focused on characterizing the element concentrations in sulfides and elucidating the ore-forming processes at the Aouli deposit. Located within the Hercynian inlier of the Upper Moulouya, this deposit hosts one of Morocco’s largest argentiferous Pb-Zn ± F ± Ba vein-type deposits. The mineralization occurs within polyphase hydrothermal veins, oriented NE-SW to E-W and WNW-ESE. These veins occur as lodes, ore shoots, or discontinuous vein infill, with their emplacement largely controlled by structural intersections. The deposit hosts a complex mineralogical assemblage, including Ni-Co-Fe arsenides and sulfarsenides, Pb-Zn-Cu sulfides, and Ag-Sb-As sulfosalts occurring in the same vein structures, which are described for the first time. Consequently, the characterization of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and particularly sphalerite will help constrain the ore-forming process and determine the physicochemical conditions (T–fS2) of the mineralizing fluids.

Mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and thermodynamic data from a deep hydrothermally altered profile of a semi-arid environment (Chilean Coastal Cordillera)

This data publication is supplementary to a study on microbial weathering of Fe-bearing minerals in the deep biosphere of a semi-arid environment (Chile). The dataset contains mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and thermodynamic data of an 87 m deep drill core profile located in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia (SG)). The drilling campaign was conducted in March-April 2019 as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP 1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”. The project focused on how microorganisms contribute to mineral weathering and thus shape Earth´s surface. Aim of the drilling campaign was to recover the continuous weathering profile from surface to weathering front and to pinpoint as well as disentangle weathering processes at depth. For this purpose, extractable Fe pools, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrate, energy yields of Fe redox reactions, in situ microbial Fe(III) reduction, microbial Fe(III) reduction extent in microcosms, as well as community compositions of in situ and microcosms derived 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were determined.

Dataset of wehrlitization process: insights from X-ray Micro-CT of Mt. Vulture (southern Italy) mantle xenoliths

The study of textural and chemical characteristics of mafic minerals from mantle xenoliths is essential to investigate the nature of the upper mantle in a continental geodynamic context, melts generation and their effects related to mantle metasomatism. Particular textures in mantle minerals, inclusions or secondary veins of different nature (silicates vs carbonates), bubbles, represent petrographic tools to investigate these processes within the mantle. Petrographic 2D thin sections might overlook these mineralogical features, and 3D textural analysis through X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) are crucial to overcome these limitations. We focused on the Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy) rare mantle xenoliths, brought to the surface by a melilitite-carbonatite magma (141 ka), with particular emphasis to spinel-wehrlite xenoliths and wehrlitization processes that is located close to an area of intense CO2 degassing associated to catastrophic earthquakes. Preliminary results showed interesting 3D textural distributions within the studied xenoliths-forming mantle minerals. In particular, the micro-CT allowed to furnish new constrains on the relationship between fluids entrapment and migration, and structural discontinuities. Indeed, some minerals (especially those from the wehrlite xenoliths) showed a well-correlated distribution of fluid inclusions along the secondary fracturing planes. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV) and supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005. The author thanks also Gianmarco Buono and Lucia Pappalardo for their support during the analyses and the post processing process.

Thermal property data of drill cores of ICDP project DIVE (5071) and surface samples in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone

This data set was collected in the frame of the ICDP drilling project DIVE (Drilling the Ivrea-Verbano ZonE) to determine the thermal properties of lower crustal lithologies and their variabilities. Two boreholes were drilled, the first 5071_1_B (in Ornavasso, final depth: 578.5 m) intersects the amphibolite-facies metasedimentary succession of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, and the second borehole 5071_1_A (in Megolo, final depth: 909.5 m) is located within the mafic complex. Thermal properties were measured on fresh drill cores from the two DIVE boreholes and surface samples collected from nearby outcrops. The data set comprises thermal conductivity (TC), thermal diffusivity (TD), and specific heat capacity (Cp) measurements as well as measurements on concentrations of heat producing elements (HPE) Uranium (U), Thorium (Th), and Potassium (K) and the calculated radiogenic heat production (A).

Enhanced earthquake catalog (2017–February 5, 2023) for the epicentral region of the 2023 Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake, Türkiye

This earthquake catalog was constructed using a combination of artificial intelligence and traditional methods for phase picking, phase association, and earthquake relocation. It covers the period from January 1, 2017, to February 5, 2023—one day prior to the Mw 7.8 earthquake that struck Türkiye. The dataset includes three subsets: 1) Raw Catalog: Comprises 14,128 events obtained from the full association and relocation process, without filtering based on event type or location quality. 2) Earthquake Catalog: Comprises 5,721 tectonic events with well-constrained hypocenters (68% confidence ellipsoid semi-major axis < 8 km and depth < 15 km). 3) Anthropogenic Catalog: Comprises 1,695 human-induced events, primarily quarry blasts, also with well-constrained hypocenters (68% confidence ellipsoid semi-major axis < 8 km and depth < 15 km).

A database of analogue models testing the interaction between magmatic intrusion-related doming and caldera collapse

This dataset presents the raw data from one experimental series (named CCEX, i.e., Caldera Collapse under regional Extension) of analogue models performed to investigate the process of caldera collapse followed by regional extension. Our experimental series tested the case of perfectly circular collapsed calderas afterward stretched under regional extensional conditions, that resulted in elongated calderas. The models are primarily intended to quantify the role of regional extension on the elongation of collapsed calderas observed in extensional settings, such as the East African Rift System. An overview of the performed analogue models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Bonini et al., 2021 and Maestrelli et al. (2021a,b).

Apatite fission-track data from the watershed area of the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The data-set contains nine apatite fission-track data from samples collected at strategic locations to constrain the age of deformation along an ideal transect crossing the main Apennine watershed (from the north-eastern margin of the Casentino Basin to the Romagna Apennines. Apatite grains for fission-track analysis were separated from ~5 kg bulk samples. Four of them were collected from the Falterona Sandstones (Chattian-Aquitanian) and five in the Marnoso- Arenacea For-mation (Burdigalian-Tortonian). Apatite grains were separated using standard heavy liquids and a mag-netic technique.

Detrital age spectra and petrological analysis of gravel-size clasts of the Oligocene-early Miocene glaciomarine sediments of the DSDP drilling Site 270, Central Ross Sea, Antarctica

This data-set contains provenance detrital data from the glacimarine sequence of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 270. The 270 site was cored on a flank of the Central High in the central Ross Sea and recovered a thick Oligocene to lower Miocene glacimarine sequence, overlain by ~20 m of Pliocene to Recent strata. This site provides important temporal constraints on regional stratigraphy and insights into late Oligocene to early Miocene ice sheet dynamics. We analyzed eight detrital samples of glaciomarine sediments distributed along the core and two from the basement rocks recovered during coring, by using an integrated single-grain provenance approach. This multi-proxy provenance study employs conventional U-Pb detrital zircon dating integrated with apatite U-Pb and fission-track dating and trace element analysis of detrital apatite and clast petrology. The data-set suggests a general evolution from local erosion due to small ice caps to far-travelled glacial detritus responding to the continuous sea floor subsidence. The detrital age spectra of a late Oligocene diamicitite is consistent with far travelled grains from southern West Antarctica (WA), suggesting an expansion of the WA ice sheet that should be the oldest and first evidence of ice sheet growth on the WA.

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