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A Database of Centrifuge Analogue Models Testing the Influence of Pre-Existing Weak Zones During Continental Compression

This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of centrifuge models performed to test the influence of pre-existing weak zones in the lower crust (herein after referred to as Weak Lower Crust –WLC) during continental compression. We varied the width of the WLC, the dip of the interfaces bounding the WLC and the frictional properties at the WLC-LC interface by using lubricant (vaseline). In this dataset, we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and can be used for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different stages and showing the deformation process of each model; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models; 3) Line-drawing of fault and fracture patterns to be used for fault statistical quantification; 4) A Python script to draw swath profiles (outputs) of the analogue models. Further details on the modelling strategy can be found in the publication associated with this dataset and in Milazzo et al. (2021), using a similar setup for achieving compression in the centrifuge. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Corti (2012), Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Zou et al. (2024) and Wan et al. (2025).

Integrated measurements of capillary pressure, electrical resistivity, and elastic wave velocities conducted during sample drainage and imbibition under simulated reservoir conditions.

Understanding how fluids migrate through underground rock formations is essential for securely storing carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), managing groundwater resources, or cleaning up contaminated soils. A key parameter in this context is the capillary pressure, the pressure difference between two immiscible fluids, such as water and $CO_2$, in the pore space of rocks. However, reliable measurements of capillary pressure under realistic subsurface conditions are still limited. Capillary pressure–saturation relationships were determined using the porous membrane technique within a custom-designed experimental platform SEPP (System for Experimental PetroPhysics) developed at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. Measurements were conducted during both drainage and imbibition cycles under pressure and temperature conditions relevant for subsurface $CO_2$ storage reservoirs. SEPP enables integrated acquisition of key petrophysical parameters, including hydraulic, electrical, and elastic properties. This data publication presents two datasets capturing capillary pressure, electrical resistivity, and P- and S-wave velocities from tests on two distinct sandstone samples.

A database of analogue models documenting fault reactivation during multiphase extension.

In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project

CTD measurements at 8 stations of Senckenberg cruise SEN2212

CTD measurements taken during the Senckenberg cruise SEN2212 for the CONMAR project of the DAM research mission "Protection and Sustainable Use of Marine Areas". All measurements were taken the 3rd of May 2022 between Jade and Wangerooge in the German North Sea coast using a Sea And Sun CTD. Further data processing was undertaken using Sea And Sun's SDA SST software. Depth was calculated from pressure and latitude according to Fofonoff & Millard (1983) using python seawater 3.3.4 module.

Density of pure and mixed NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solutions at 293 K to 353 K and 0.1 MPa

This study, which has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV, grant agreement No. 0325217), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 850626) and the Helmholtz Association in the framework of the national German geoscientific large-scale infrastructure project GeoLaB (https://www.geolab.kit.edu/english/index.php), reports on newly acquired density data of synthetic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), which have been prepared in a single salt and mixed form. The solutions span a wide range of concentrations and mixing ratios that are geothermally encountered. The data presented here cover temperatures between 293 K and 353 K at ambient pressure. The measured data were obtained at the Laboratory for Fluid Physics at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.

Host Rock Variability Powers the Diversity of Steam-Driven Eruptions

Steam-driven eruptions are explosions that frequently occur in volcanic and geothermal areas. They are powered by the sudden release and expansion of steam and liquid water trapped under high pressure within the pore spaces of host rocks. We have experimentally studied how the strength of rock hosting steam and liquid controls the nature of explosions based on examples from Lake Okaro (New Zealand). Specifically, we used experiments to estimate the relative amounts of energy that goes into breaking rock up, versus that required for ejecting particles upwards and outwards. Here we report the main methodological approach and results of petrophysical properties analyses, decompression experiments and estimation of explosivity of water, respectively.

KTB Borehole Measurements: Composite Logs of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program

KTB Borehole Measurements Data Composite Logs Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. The data report STR 21/03 KTB Borehole logging data contains the full description of the logging data given here. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The Composite Log Files comprise data from these measurements/logs: • Reference total GR • Natural Gamma Spectrum (NGS) • Resistivity (DLL, DIL, MSFL, ARI) • Density (LDT, FDC) • Neutron Porosity (CNL) • Sonic (SONIC, STC) There is no sonic waveform data available. All Composite Logs are depth corrected to the reference GR of each borehole. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.

KTB Borehole Measurements: Temperature Logs of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program

KTB Borehole Measurements Data Temperature Logs Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. The data report STR 21/03 KTB Borehole logging data contains the full description of the logging data given here. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The Temperature files contain data from measurements made with various sondes incorporating a temperature sensor. The single logs from each borehole reflect the temporary temperature profile, which was always disturbed and altered by drilling activities, mainly the the mud circulation. There is no reference temperature log showing the undisturbed equilibrium temperature profile from the active drilling phase until 1994. The best available approximation to the equilibrium profile of the KTB-HB was measured in 1998, in file KTB-HB-BM-TEMP-1996-1997-1998-2000.txt. Many of the Temperature logs also include a measurement of the mud resistivity (MRES from the auxiliary measurement tool, AMS), the resistivity of the fluid in the borehole. Please note that the Temperature logs are not depth corrected to the reference GR but are given here as logged. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.

Rheometric Analysis of Viscous Material Mixtures Used in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University, Netherlands

This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p<0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.

3D-NEA: Three-dimensional lithospheric-scale structural model of the North East Atlantic

The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) region has long been a subject of interest due to its complex geological history, particularly regarding the interaction between the Iceland plume and the lithospheric plates. In this data publication, we present a comprehensive three-dimensional structural and density model of the NEA crust and uppermost mantle, consolidating and integrating a wide range of previously fragmented data sets. Our model highlights the influence of the Iceland plume on the region's geological evolution, shedding light on the mechanisms that facilitated the continental breakup between Europe and Laurentia during the earliest Eocene period. The whole workflow and methods are described in Gomez Dacal et al. (2023) and its Supplementary Information.

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