This dataset shows the original data of a series of enhanced-gravity (centrifuge) analogue models, which were performed to test the influence of the pre-existing fabrics in the brittle upper crust on the evolution of structures resulting from oblique rifting. The obliquity of the rift (i.e., the angle between the rift axis and the direction of extension) was kept constant at 30° in all the models. The main variable of this experimental series was the orientation of the pre-existing fabrics (indicated as the angle between the trend of the fabric and the orthogonal to extension), which varied from 0° to 90° (i.e., from orthogonal to parallel to the extension direction). The inherited discontinuities were reproduced by cutting with a knife through the top brittle layer of models. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset, four different data types are provided for further analysis: 1) Top-view photos of model deformation, taken at different time intervals and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Movies of model deformation, built from top-view photos, which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) Faults line-drawings to be used for statistical quantification of rift-related structures. Further information on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in the publication associated to this dataset and in Corti (2012), Philippon et al. (2015), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Zwaan et al. (2021), Zou et al. (2023). Materials used to perform these enhanced-gravity analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
Volcanic projectiles are centimeter- to meter-sized clasts – both solid-to-molten rock fragments or lithic eroded from conduits – ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions that follow ballistic trajectories. Despite being ranked as less dangerous than large-scale processes such as pyroclastic density currents (hot avalanches of gas and pyroclasts), volcanic projectiles still represent a constant threat to life and properties in the vicinity of volcanic vents, and frequently cause fatal accidents on volcanoes. Mapping of their size, shape, and location in volcanic deposits can be combined to model possible trajectories of projectiles from the vent to their final position, and to estimate crucial source parameters of the driving eruption, such as ejection velocity and pressure differential at the vent. Moreover, size and spatial distributions of volcanic projectiles from past eruptions, coupled with ballistic modelling of their trajectory, are crucial to forecast their possible impact in future eruptions. The reliability of such models strongly depends on i) the appropriate physical functions and input parameters and ii) observational validations. In this study, we aimed to unravel intra-conduit processes that strongly control the dynamic of volcanic projectiles by combining numerical modelling and novel experimentally-determined source parameter. In particular, the multiphase ASHEE model (Cerminara 2016; Cerminara et al. 2016) suited for testing post-fragmentation conduit dynamics based on a robust shock tube experimental dataset. By exploding mixtures of pumice and dense lithic particles within a specially designed transparent autoclave, and by using a raft of pressure sensors, ultra-high-speed cameras and pre-sieved natural particles, we observed and quantified: i) kinematic data of the particles and of the gas front along the shock tube and outside, ii) pressure decay at 1GHz resolution. By feeding the ASHEE model with these datasets, and using initial and boundary conditions similar to that of the experiment, we defined domains composed by a pressurized shock tube and the outside chamber at ambient conditions, and tested particles particle motion according to a Lagrangian approach, as well as gas flow with a Eulerian approach (a 3D finite-volume numerical solver, compressible). The comparison between data and model yields estimate of the particle kinematic inside the tube, the pressure evolution at the top and the bottom of the tube, and the eruption source parameters at the tube exit.