Chromium (Cr) is introduced into the environment by several anthropogenic activities. A striking ex-ample is the area around Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where large amounts of Cr-containing wastes have been recently illegally deposited. Hexavalent Cr, a highly toxic and mobile contaminant, is present in significant amounts in these wastes, severely affecting the quality of sur-roundings soils, sediments, and ground waters. The first major goal of this study is to clarify the solid phase speciation of Cr in these wastes and to examine its leaching behavior. X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques will be employed for quantitative solid phase speciation of Cr. Its leaching behavior will be studied in column experiments performed at un-saturated moisture conditions with flow interruptions simulating monsoon rain events. Combined with geochemical modeling, the results will allow the evaluation of the leaching potential and release kinetics of Cr from the waste materials. The second major goal is to investigate the spatial distribution, speciation, and solubility of Cr in the rooting zone of chromate-contaminated soils surrounding the landfills, and to study the suitability of biochar as novel soil amendment for mitigating the deleterious effects of chromate pollution. Detailed field samplings and laboratory soil incubation studies will be carried out with two agricultural soils and biochar from the Kanpur region.
In soils and sediments there is a strong coupling between local biogeochemical processes and the distribution of water, electron acceptors, acids, nutrients and pollutants. Both sides are closely related and affect each other from small scale to larger scale. Soil structures such as aggregates, roots, layers, macropores and wettability differences occurring in natural soils enhance the patchiness of these distributions. At the same time the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of these important parameters is difficult to access. By applying non-destructive measurements it is possible to overcome these limitations. Our non-invasive fluorescence imaging technique can directly quantity distribution and changes of oxygen and pH. Similarly, the water content distribution can be visualized in situ also by optical imaging, but more precisely by neutron radiography. By applying a combined approach we will clarify the formation and architecture of interfaces induces by oxygen consumption, pH changes and water distribution. We will map and model the effects of microbial and plant root respiration for restricted oxygen supply due to locally high water saturation, in natural as well as artificial soils. Further aspects will be biologically induced pH changes, influence on fate of chemicals, and oxygen delivery from trapped gas phase.
In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
We study population biology and life histories of DSE. Dark septate root endophytes (DSE) are ubiquitous fungal tree root colonizers in temperate and boreal conifer forest ecosystems. The supposedly asexual Phialocephala fortinii was identified as the main component of these DSE but constitutes a species complex in its own right. Species in this complex are morphologically indistinguishable with one exceptition; Acephala applanata was described as a new species which is characterized by the absence of aerial mycelium and slow growth rate. Application of biological, phylogenetic and population genetic species concepts will allow to discriminate additional species. The experimental programme is multi-disciplinary in approach, utilizing classical mycological and molecular genetic techniques.
Der Verlauf der atmosphärischen CO2-Konzentrationen während der vergangenen Klimazyklen ist durch ein Sägezahnmuster mit Maxima in Warmzeiten und Minima in Kaltzeiten geprägt. Es besteht derzeit Konsens, dass insbesondere der Süd Ozean (SO) eine Schlüsselfunktion bei der Steuerung der CO2-Entwicklung einnimmt. Allerdings sind die dabei wirksamen Mechanismen, die in Zusammenhang mit Änderungen der Windmuster, Ozeanzirkulation, Stratifizierung der Wassersäule, Meereisausdehnung und biologischer Produktion stehen, noch nicht ausreichend bekannt. Daten zur Wirkung dieser Prozesse im Wechsel von Warm- und Kaltzeiten beziehen sich bislang fast ausschließlich auf den atlantischen SO. Um ein umfassendes Bild der Klimasteuerung durch den SO zu erhalten muss geklärt werden, wie weit sich die aus dem atlantischen SO bekannten Prozesswirkungen auf den pazifischen SO übertragen lassen. Dies ist deshalb von Bedeutung, da der pazifische SO den größten Teil des SO einnimmt. Darüber hinaus stellt er das hauptsächliche Abflussgebiet des Westantarktischen Eisschildes (WAIS) in den SO dar. Im Rahmen des Projektes sollen mit einer neu entwickelten Proxy-Methode Paläoumwelt-Zeitreihen an ausgewählten Sedimentkernen von latitudinalen Schnitten über den pazifischen SO hinweg gewonnen werden. Dabei handelt es sich um kombinierte Sauerstoff- und Siliziumisotopenmessungen an gereinigten Diatomeen und Radiolarien. Es sollen erstmalig die physikalischen Eigenschaften und Nährstoffbedingungen in verschiedenen Stockwerken des Oberflächenwassers aus verschiedenen Ablagerungsräumen und während unterschiedlicher Klimabedingungen beschrieben werden. Dies umfasst Bedingungen von kälter als heute (z.B. Letztes Glaziales Maximum) bis zu wärmer als heute (z.B. Marines Isotopen Stadium, MIS 5.5). Die Untersuchungen geben Hinweise zur (1) Sensitivität des antarktischen Ökosystems auf den Eintrag von Mikronährstoffen (Eisendüngung), (2) Oberflächenwasserstratifizierung und (3) 'Silicic-Acid leakage'-Hypothese, und tragen damit zur Überprüfung verschiedener Hypothesen zur Klimawirksamkeit von SO-Prozessen bei. Die neuen Proxies bilden überdies Oberflächen-Salzgehaltsanomalien ab, die Hinweise zur Stabilität des WAIS unter verschiedenen Klimabedingungen geben. Darüber hinaus kann die Hypothese getestet werden, nach der der WAIS während MIS 5.5 vollständig abgebaut war. Die Projektergebnisse sollen mit Simulationen mit einem kombinierten biogeochemischen (Si-Isotope beinhaltenden) Atmosphäre-Ozean-Zirkulations-Modell aus einem laufenden SPP1158-DFG Projekt an der CAU Kiel (PI B. Schneider) verglichen werden. Damit sollen die jeweiligen Beiträge der Ozeanzirkulation und der biologischen Produktion zum CO2-Austausch zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre getrennt und statistisch analysiert werden. Informationen zu Staubeintrag, biogenen Flussraten, physikalischen Ozeanparametern und zur Erstellung von Altersmodellen stehen durch Zusammenarbeit mit anderen (inter)nationalen Projekten zur Verfügung.
Durum wheat is mainly grown as a summer crop. An introduction of a winter form failed until now due to the difficulty to combine winter hardiness with required process quality. Winter hardiness is a complex trait, but in most regions the frost tolerance is decisive. Thereby a major QTL, which was found in T. monococcum, T.aestivum, H. vulgare and S.cereale on chromosome 5, seems especially important. With genotyping by sequencing it is now possible to make association mapping based on very high dense marker maps, which delivers new possibilities to detect main and epistatic effects. Furthermore, new sequencing techniques allow candidate gene based association mapping. The main aim of the project is to unravel the genetic architecture of frost tolerance and quality traits in durum. Thereby, the objectives are to (1) determine the genetic variance, heritability and correlations among frost tolerance and quality traits, (2) examine linkage disequilibrium and population structure, (3) investigate sequence polymorphism at candidate genes for frost tolerance, and (4) perform candidate gene based and genome wide association mapping.
Neben Studien zur Diversität von Gefäßpflanzen in ausgewählten Untersuchungsflächen wurde der Erforschung der endemischen Palmenart Normanbya normanbyi besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Studien zur Blüten- und Fruchtökologie. Dabei wurde u.a. eine bisher unbeschriebene Gattung der Gallmücken entdeckt. Der interdisziplinäre Forschungsansatz soll wesentliche Erkenntnisse über Tier-Pflanze-Interaktionen in Regenwäldern liefern. Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Erfassung der Blüten- und Fruchtphänologie eines tropischen Tieflandregenwaldes in Nordostqueensland. Das Projekt beinhaltet die Erfassung der Phänologie aller Unterwuchsarten, Lianen und Baumarten in einer 1 ha großen Untersuchungsfläche. Weiterführend wird die Blühphänologie einer ausgewählten Palmenart Normanbay normanbyi erfasst und mit Hilfe molekulargenetischer Methoden im Zusammenhang mit der Verwandtschaftsstruktur ausgewählter Populationen betrachtet. Die Feldarbeiten für das 2003 begonnene Projekt wurden im Juli 2005 abgeschlossen.
Especially during the last decades, the natural forests of Ethiopia have been heavily disturbed by human activities. Some forests have been totally cleared and converted into fields for agricultural use, other suffered from different influences, such as heavy grazing and selective logging. The ongoing research in the Shashemane-Munessa-study area (Gu 406/8-1,2) showed clearly that, in spite of interdiction and control, forests continue to be cleared and degraded. However, it is not yet sufficiently known, how and why these processes are still going on. Growing population pressure and economic constraints for the people living in and around the forests contribute to the actual situation but allow no final answers to the complex situation. Concerning a sustainable management of the forests there is to no solid basis for recommendations from the socioeconomic and socio-cultural view. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the traditional needs and forms of forest use, including all forest products, is necessary. The objective of this project is, to achieve this basis by carrying out intensive field observations, the consultation of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and above all semi-structured interviews with the population in the study area in order to contribute to the recommendations for a sustainable use of the Munessa Shasemane forests.
Comprehension of belowground competition between plant species is a central part in understanding the complex interactions in intercropped agricultural systems, between crops and weeds as well as in natural ecosystems. So far, no simple and rapid method for species discrimination of roots in the soil exists. We will be developing a method for root discrimination of various species based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflexion (ATR) Spectroscopy and expanding its application to the field. The absorbance patterns of FTIR-ATR spectra represent the chemical sample composition like an individual fingerprint. By means of multivariate methods, spectra will be grouped according to spectral and chemical similarity in order to achieve species discrimination. We will investigate pea and oat roots as well as maize and barnyard grass roots using various cultivars/proveniences grown in the greenhouse. Pea and oat are recommendable species for intercropping to achieve superior grain and protein yields in an environmentally sustainable manner. To evaluate the effects of intercropping on root distribution in the field, root segments will be measured directly at the soil profile wall using a mobile FTIR spectrometer. By extracting the main root compounds (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and recording their FTIR-ATR spectra as references, we will elucidate the chemical basis of species-specific differences.
| Origin | Count |
|---|---|
| Bund | 305 |
| Type | Count |
|---|---|
| Förderprogramm | 305 |
| License | Count |
|---|---|
| offen | 305 |
| Language | Count |
|---|---|
| Deutsch | 74 |
| Englisch | 284 |
| Resource type | Count |
|---|---|
| Keine | 242 |
| Webseite | 63 |
| Topic | Count |
|---|---|
| Boden | 256 |
| Lebewesen und Lebensräume | 294 |
| Luft | 221 |
| Mensch und Umwelt | 303 |
| Wasser | 224 |
| Weitere | 305 |