Das Projekt "Forest management in the Earth system" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
Das Projekt "Upwelling in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bremen, Institut für Umweltphysik, Abteilung Ozeanographie durchgeführt. Upwelling is an important process in setting the characteristic of the mixed layer. Upwelling also provides a pathway for gases, nutrients, and other compounds from the ocean's interior into the mixed layer and ultimately into the atmosphere. Since the upwelling velocities are small, they cannot be measured directly. Recently, Rhein et al. (2010) exploited the helium isotope disequilibria found in the equatorial eastern Atlantic to infer upwelling speeds, upwelling rates, and vertical heat fluxes between the mixed layer and the ocean's interior. The disequilibrium in the mixed layer is caused by upwelling of 3He-enriched water from the interior. The surplus 3He is introduced into the deep ocean by hydrothermal activities.A first survey of historical Helium isotope data in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the Weddell Sea showed, that the mixed layer is also enriched with 3He, which in summer months is supplied by upwelling of water from below the mixed layer. Although the first estimates of upwelling velocities from the historical data set look promising, the present Helium data lack a sufficient resolution in the upper 200-300m to determine the horizontal and vertical He gradients, necessary for the compilation of the upwelling velocity and of the contribution of diapycnal mixing. Here we propose to take the historical He data, and a new dedicated He data sets to be taken in November 2010 - February 2011 during the POLARSTERN cruise ANT 27/2 and January- February 2012 during POLARSTERN cruise ANT28/3 to calculate upwelling speeds and -rates in the Weddell Sea and the ACC, as well as heat fluxes between the interior and the mixed layer.This proposal is part of the Cluster ' Eddies and Upwelling: Major Factors in the Carbon Budget ofthe Southern Ocean'
Das Projekt "Processes of Vertical Exchange in Shelf Seas (PROVESS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Institut für Meereskunde (IfM) durchgeführt. PROVESS is a joint European funded project for an interdisciplinary study of the vertical fluxes of properties through the water column and the surface and bottom boundaries based on the integrated application of new measuring techniques, new advances in turbulence theory and new models. IfM Hamburg is responsible for six tasks concerning numerical simulations of mean flow properties, turbulence and suspended matter transport. IfM's tasks in PROVESS are in detail: Physical modelling: Model development and code verification, cooperation with MUMM Management Unit of Mathemetical Models of North Sea and Scheldt Estuary), Brussels, Belgium. For this task, the existing public domain water column model GOTM (General Ocean Turbulence Model) will be extended. Model validation against existing data sets, cooperation with MUMM, Brussels, Belgium. Here some historical data sets will be simulated. These are the FLEX 1976 and the UWB Irish Sea FLY data set, both are scenarios already included into GOTM. Furthermore, the POL 1991 and North Sea data from NERC have to be simulated. Synthesis of PROVESS data with models, cooperation with close to all PROVESS partners. The northern and the southern North Sea experiments carried out during PROVESS will be simulated in detail by the numerical water column model. Modelling sediment damping of turbulence: Model development and code verification, cooperation with LHF (Laboratoire d'Hydraulique de France SA), Grenoble, France. Model validation against existing data sets, cooperation with LHF (Laboratoire d'Hydraulique de France SA), Grenoble, France. Synthesis of PROVESS data with models, cooperation with close to all PROVESS partners.
Das Projekt "SOCIOEC - Socio economic effects of management measures of the future CFP" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lehrstuhl für Umwelt-, Ressourcen- und Ökologische Ökonomik durchgeführt. SOCIOEC is an interdisciplinary, European wide project bringing together scientists from several fisheries sciences with industry partners and other key stakeholders to work in an integrated manner on solutions for future fisheries management, that can be implemented at a regional level. The central concept is to provide a mechanism for developing measures that are consistent with the overarching sustainability objectives of the EU, and that can provide consensus across all stakeholders. The first step will be to develop a coherent and consistent set of management objectives, which will address ecological; economic and social sustainability targets. The objectives should be consistent with the aims of the CFP, MSFD and other EU directives, but they should also be understandable by the wider stakeholder community and engage their support. This will then lead to the proposal of a number of potential management measures, based on existing or new approaches. The second step will be to analyze the incentives for compliance provided by these measures. In particular, we will examine fisher's responses and perceptions of these measures, based on historical analysis as well as direct consultation and interviews. This project part will also examine how the governance can be changed to facilitate self- and co-management to ensure fisher buy-in to promising management measures. In particular, the project will focus on the interpretation of overarching (i.e. EU) objectives in local and regional contexts. Finally, the project will examine the impacts of the management measures that emerge from this process, particularly in terms of their economic and social impacts. The IA analysis will be integrated by evaluating the proposed measures against the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency and coherence. Special attention will be paid in evaluating the proposed management measures' performance in terms of their ability to achieve the general and specific ecological objectives.
Das Projekt "Human dimensions and urban landscape development - A case study in Suzhou, China" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Professur für Landespflege durchgeführt. Humanity has influenced and changed the large majority of the earths landscapes, especially those in urban areas. There is no doubt that it is crucial to include human dimensions - perceptions, attitudes, preferences etc. - in terms of landscape inheritance, conservation, development and management or what. Public perception and preference research has a long lasting history in landscape subjects, and has been playing an important role in practical implementation. This study will be conducted in Suzhou, China - a typical Chinese city with numerous ancient cultural heritages and facing endless modernization and urbanization. Literate review will be thoroughly carried out on respect to the processes, states, significances of human dimensions for landscapes. The interpretation of historical materials about landscape changes during decades of the research site will be completed. The targeted objects will be the residents there and visitors. There are still more than 200.000 permanent residents living in the research core, who represent the main force of conserving the ancient heritages lasted thousands years. Therefore, their attitudes towards the landscape changes, ancient landscape elements or symbols are vital, and should be included in routines for landscape design, management and conservation. Moreover, up to millions of visitors from both inside and outside of China come to Suzhou every year, which makes the study concerning their perceptions and preferences even more critical. The well-structured questionnaires, together with semi-open or open interviews will be applied aimed at different targeted groups, and the results will be interpreted and evaluated based on scientific theories and methodologies in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Eventually, how these findings could be used to inform the landscape policy-makers, designer, planner or managers and how to transfer the results into practical status in other cities of China or even in other developing countries facing the same dilemmas would be generated.
Das Projekt "Emerging Diseases in a Changing European Environment (EDEN)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Heidelberg, Hygiene-Institut, Abteilung für Tropenhygiene und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen durchgeführt. These last years, several vector-borne, parasitic or zoonotic diseases have (re)-emerged and spread in the European territory with major health, ecological, socio-economical and political consequences. Most of these outbreaks are linked to global and local changes resulting of climatic changes or activities of human populations. Europe must anticipate, prevent and control new emergences to avoid major societal and economical crisis (cf. SARS in Asia, West Nile in US). EDEN (Emerging Diseases in a changing European Environment) offers a unique opportunity to prepare for uncertainties about the future of the European environment and its impact on human health. EDEN's aim is to increase preparedness by developing and coordinating at European level a set of generic investigative methods, tools and skills within a common scientific framework (Landscapes, Vector and Parasite bionomics, Public Health, Animal Reservoirs). EDEN has therefore selected for study a range of diseases that are especially sensitive to environmental changes. Some of these diseases are already present in Europe (West Nile, Rodent-born, Tick-born, Leishmaniosis), others were present historically (Malaria) and so may re-emerge, whilst finally Rift Valley Fever is either on the fringes of Europe. EDEN integrates research between 42 leading institutes from 23 countries with the combined experience and skills to reach their common goals. EDEN is organised into a series of vertical Sub-Projects led and managed by an internationally recognised expert and linked by a series of Integrative Activities that include biodiversity monitoring, environmental change detection, disease modelling, remote sensing and image interpretation, information and communication. The proposed management structure, including a Scientific Board and a User Forum, takes into account both the diversity of the partners and the size of the project. Specific links with third world countries will be achieved through an Africa platform. Prime Contractor: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement; Paris; France.
Das Projekt "Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM - An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning basins (STRIVER)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bonn, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung durchgeführt. The ZEF research focuses on the Tungabhadra basin in south India, which is one of the four basins studied in the project. Tungabhadra river is a tributary of the Krishna river. ZEF will be mainly active in Work Package (WP) 9 IWRM in the twinned Tungabhadra and Tejo/Tagus river basins, with a focus and land and water use interactions . The research focuses on the interaction between irrigated and rainfed farming in the lower Tungabhadra basin, in the border area of the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The districts on the Karnataka side are Raichur, Koppal and Bellary, on the Andhra Pradesh side Mahbubnagar and Kurnool. Some of the sub-themes ZEF will look at, together with other partners, are: 1) Flows and relations (people (livelihood linkages, labour), nutrients and energy, money/income, water); 2) Institutional and policy (dis)integration (departmental coordination, agency coordination, policy contradictions and alignments); 3) Innovations (water saving farming systems (SRI and other), (tiered) water users associations, water pricing and water rights, substitutability of technical and institutional solutions to water problems); 4) History (heads and tails of different kinds: the spatial dimension of social differentiation; evolution of policy regimes, natural resources degradation/conservation in historical perspective, land and water use change over time and its implications). It is part of the research design to compare the situation in the Tungabhadra basin with that in the Tajo/Tegus basin in Spain/Portugal. Other basins studied in the larger project are the Glomma basin in Norway and the Sesan basin in Vietnam/Cambodia).
Das Projekt "Einfluss von Klima und Landnutzung auf die funktionelle Diversität von Vögeln und Fledermäusen und auf ihre mutualistischen Interaktionsnetzwerke" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von LOEWE - Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) durchgeführt. Birds and bats deliver crucial ecosystem services, i.e. seed dispersal and predation on arthropods. As they are rarely considered together in ecosystem studies linking biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, we will test 1. for functional redundancy within and among the two groups, 2. differential reactions towards altitude and land use, and 3. potential influence of climate change and further intensification of land use on composition and functionality. Bird and bat assemblages will be assessed by sampling at the same sites along an elevational and land use gradient. The functional role of birds and bats as seed dispersers will be assessed by feeding experiments and measuring seed rain. Exclosure experiments will be conducted jointly (SP 7) to determine their role as predators of arthropods. Path analysis will be used to quantify relationships between climatic factors (SP 1-3), habitat structure (SP 4, 5), food availability (SP 7, 8), structure of bird and bat assemblages and associated ecosystem services. The path coefficients can be applied to predict changes based on various scenarios of climate and land use change. We will also analyse temporal changes in forest bird communities in relation to climate and land use change using historical monitoring data.
Das Projekt "Evolution of geomagnetic dipole moment and South Atlantic Anomaly" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum durchgeführt. The geomagnetic field shields our habitat against solar wind and radiation from space. Due to the geometry of the field, the shielding in general is weakest at high latitudes. It is also anomalously weak in a region around the south Atlantic known as South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and the global dipole moment has been decreasing by nearly 10 percent since direct measurements of field intensity became possible in 1832. Due to our limited understanding of the geodynamo processes in Earths core, it is impossible to reliably predict the future evolution of both dipole moment and SAA over the coming decades. However, lack of magnetic field shielding as would be a consequence of further weakening of dipole moment and SAA region field intensity would cause increasing problems for modern technology, in particular satellites, which are vulnerable to radiation damage. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to estimate the future development of magnetic field characteristics. The study of the past evolution of such characteristics based on historical, archeo- and paleomagnetic data, on time-scales of centuries to millennia, is essential to detect any recurrences and periodicities and provide new insights in dynamo processes in comparison to or in combination with numerical dynamo simulations. We propose to develop two new global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models, spanning 1 and 10 kyrs, respectively, and designed in particular to study how long the uninterrupted decay of the dipole moment has been going on prior to 1832, and if the SAA is a recurring structure of the field.We will combine for the first time all available historical and archeomagnetic data, both directions and intensities, in a spherical harmonic model spanning the past 1000 years. Existing modelling methods will be adapted accordingly, and existing data bases will be complemented with newly published data. We will further acquire some new archeomagnetic data from the Cape Verde islands from historical times to better constrain the early evolution of the present-day SAA. In order to study the long-term field evolution and possible recurrences of similar weak field structures in this region, we will produce new paleomagnetic records from available marine sediment cores off the coasts of West Africa, Brazil and Chile. This region is weakly constrained in previous millennial scale models. Apart from our main aim to gain better insights into the previous evolution of dipole moment and SAA, the models will be used to study relations between dipole and non-dipole field contributions, hemispheric symmetries and large-scale flux patterns at the core-mantle boundary. These observational findings will provide new insights into geodynamo processes when compared with numerical dynamo simulation results.Moreover, the models can be used to estimate past geomagnetic shielding above Earths surface against solar wind and for nuclide production from galactic cosmic rays.
Das Projekt "TOP-Energy - Toolkit for Optimization of Industrial Energy Systems" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Hochschule Aachen, Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Institut für Thermodynamik, Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik durchgeführt. Rationeller Energieeinsatz in Unternehmen senkt Umweltbelastung, Ressourcenverbrauch und Kosten. Die Energiekosten liegen oft in der Größenordnung des Unternehmensgewinns, ein reduzierter Energieeinsatz wirkt sich demnach spürbar auf das Unternehmensergebnis aus. Dennoch werden betriebsinterne energietechnische Prozesse aus verschiedenen Gründen selten systematisch und tiefergehend analysiert und optimiert. Ein Grund ist häufig, dass Unternehmen nicht bereit sind, den dafür notwendigen hohen Aufwand und die erforderlichen detaillierten Fachkenntnisse zu finanzieren. Um den hohen Aufwand (und damit die Kosten) einer Analyse und Verbesserung der betrieblichen Energieanlagen zu reduzieren und - darüber hinaus - die Qualität der Analyse zu verbessern, bietet sich ein rechnergestütztes Vorgehen an. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird ein entsprechendes Softwarepaket entwickelt, das bereits in der Konzeptionsphase eines Projektes eine zuverlässige, schnelle und kosteneffiziente Analyse und Bewertung erlaubt. Das Projekt wurde TOP-Energy getauft, das Akronym steht für 'Toolkit for Optimization of Industrial Energy Systems. Während in dem Vorläuferprojekt EUSEBIA der Focus auf der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Methodik zur Abbildung des Energieberatungsprozesses auf Softwarestrukturen lag, steht bei TOP-Energy die anwendergerechte Umsetzung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse im Vordergrund. Das Hauptziel von TOP-Energy liegt in der Unterstützung des Analyse- und Optimierungsprozesses einer industriellen Energieberatung. Dazu stellt das System einen Satz von Modulen zur Dokumentation, Analyse, Simulation und Bewertung hinsichtlich ökonomischer, energetischer und umweltrelevanter Faktoren bereit. Um einen integrierten Arbeitsfluss zu ermöglichen, bilden die Module in ihrer Kombination ein Geschäftsprozessmodell ab, das sich an der VDI 3922 (Energieberatung für Industrie und Gewerbe) orientiert. Im Wesentlichen besteht TOP-Energy aus zwei Teilen, einem Framework für Benutzerführung und Datenmanagement sowie einer Reihe fachlicher Module: Das Framework stellt systemweit Dienste einer modernen GUI-Applikation wie modul-sensitive Dialoge und Präsentationen sowie Flussschemaeditoren und Reportgeneratoren zur Verfügung. Darüber hinaus verwaltet es die Projekt- und Moduldaten mittels eines abstrakten Datenmodells und stellt Schnittstellen für die Befehls- und Datenkommunikation bereit. Auf der anderen Seite bringen die eingebundenen Module Lösungen für fachliche Fragestellungen in das System ein. Dies können z.B. einfache Auswertung der energierelevanten Kostenstrukturen aber auch aufwändige Simulationsrechnungen oder Analyseverfahren sein. Ein zentrales Modul von TOP-Energy stellt der Simulator eSim zur Analyse von Energieversorgungssystemen dar. Er wurde auf speziell auf die Bedürfnisse des Energieberaters in der Planungsphase zugeschnitten und erlaubt eine schnelle Modellierung komplexer Versorgungssysteme ohne eine aufwändige Abbildung der MSR-Technik.
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