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BASD-CMIP6-PE: bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled CMIP6 projections over Peru and Ecuador

The new climate dataset, BASD-CMIP6-PE, for Peru and Ecuador is based on bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled CMIP6 climate projections from 10 GCMs. It addresses the need for reliable high-resolution (1d, 10km) climate data covering Peru and Ecuador. This dataset includes historical simulations (1850-2014) and future projections (2015-2100) for precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs:SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). The BASD-CMIP6-PE climate data were generated using the trend-preserving Bias Adjustment and Statistical Downscaling (BASD) method (Lange, 2019, 2021) and data from regional observational datasets such as RAIN4PE (Fernandez-Palomino et al., 2021a,b) for precipitation and PISCO-temperature (Huerta et al., 2018) for temperatures as reference data. The reliability of the BASD-CMIP6-PE was evaluated using observational data and through hydrological modeling across Peruvian and Ecuadorian river basins in the historical period. The evaluation demonstrated the dataset’s reliability in describing spatial patterns of atmospheric variables and streamflow simulation, including mean, low, and high flows. This suggests the usefulness of the new dataset for assessing regional climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, and hydrological extremes. The BASD-CMIP6-PE data are available for the domain covering Peru and Ecuador, located between 19°S and 2°N and 82°W to 67°W, with a spatial resolution of 0.1° and a daily temporal resolution. The unit for precipitation is millimeters (mm), and for temperature, it is degrees Celsius (°C). The BASD-CMIP6-PE dataset is organized within a "daily" folder, denoting its availability at a 1 daily temporal resolution. Within this directory, four subfolders are present: "historical" containing historical data, "ssp126" for SSP1-2.6, "ssp370" for SSP3-7.0, and "ssp585" for SSP5-8.5. Each of these subfolders further includes ten distinct folders, corresponding to different GCMs: CanESM5, IPSL–CM6A–LR, UKESM1–0–LL, CNRM–CM6–1, CNRM–ESM2–1, MIROC6, GFDL–ESM4, MRI–ESM2–0, MPI–ESM1–2–HR, and EC–Earth3. These folders store the data in the NetCDF format arranged by model, model member, experiment, variable, temporal resolution, and subset period, resulting in file names like "canesm5_r1i1p1f1_ssp126_pr_daily_2015_2020.nc". For a detailed description of the BASD-CMIP6-PE development and evaluation, readers are advised to read Fernandez-Palomino et al. (2023), for which this dataset is supplementary material.

Nitrate raw measurements at lander 2 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Nitrate raw measurements at lander 1 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Carbon dioxide measurements at lander 1 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Carbon dioxide measurements at lander 2 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Methane measurements at lander 1 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Phosphate measurements at lander 2 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

CTD and oxygen measurements at lander 2 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender "Rosenort" operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Methane measurements at lander 2 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

Phosphate measurements at lander 1 in the German Baltic Sea

Coastal ecosystems are heterogeneous environments with high turnover rates of carbon and nutrients that influence the distribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). They also represent challenging environments for scientific investigations, requiring new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present temporal high-resolution measurements of several physicochemical variables, including the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4, made in shallow waters at around 6 m water depth of the Baltic Sea using two autonomous lander systems. The two landers were deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) and about 400 m offshore near the German city Rostock with support from the buoy tender “Rosenort” operated by the Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Stralsund (WSA Stralsund). These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors. Field data resolution ranged from 10 seconds to 60 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, depth (hydrostatic pressure), O2 (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data is inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 6 m for lander_1 and 5 m for lander_2. The deployment and recovery of the landers and thus the measurements took place between 04 September 2019 and 04 October 2019 and the sensors were operated under battery power and a centralized timestamp. Three events common to coasts were observed during the deployment, allowing tracking of (1) an advection of saline waters with a mineralization signal, (2) a storm event of about 4 days, and (3) a stagnation event. Sensor data and processed data are available in separate files.

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