The BPI (Biodiversity Pressure Index) is a global dataset on annual human pressure exerted on biodiversity between 1990-2020 at 0.1° (~ 10 km at the equator) spatial resolution. It shows the potential human pressure on a scale from 0-1 on a per pixel basis for terrestrial land areas. It is based on data products derived from observations, modelling and national statistics and integrates multiple open data streams reflecting the five IPBES-defined drivers of biodiversity loss: land use, resource extraction, climate change, environmental pollution and invasive species. The data of the BPI can be used to e.g. identify areas of high and low pressure, to perform regional and temporal change analysis of pressures and it can help to tailor protective measures to the underlying pressures and thus likely increase the success of biodiversity protection.
The BPI is provided in two different forms:
1) Normalised [0-1] data in absolute terms, i.e. not transformed etc.
2) Normalised [0-1] data in relative terms, i.e. ranked data to reduce skewness
The BPI consists of a set of global datasets. Each of them was harmonised to matching projection, resolution, extent and subsequently normalised on a scale from 0 to 1. Each individual input variable was then summed up per pixel resulting in the cumulative BPI. After the addition, the BPI was again normalised to [0-1]. For the relative BPI, we ranked all individual inputs in percentiles to reduce skewness of the data. All other processing steps were the same. The data was processed using R and Python.
The BPI (Biodiversity Pressure Index) is a European dataset on annual human pressure exerted on biodiversity between 2020 and 2100 with a spatial resolution of ~ 1 km at the equator. We have produced data for three different SSP-RCP scenarios (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP3-RCP7.0, SSP5-RCP8.5). The scenarios are a combination of climate projections, mainly based on CO2 emissions (RCP scenarios) and potential future developments of anthropogenic drivers on climate change (SSP scenarios). The SSP-RCP combinations are for example used in IPCC assessments: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/. The data shows the potential human pressure per pixel for terrestrial land areas in Europe. It is based on model products from CRAFTY-EU, PLUM v2, LPJ-GUESS, ISIMIP3 and observational/statistical data on mining and pesticides, all reflecting the five IPBES-defined drivers of biodiversity loss: land use, resource extraction, climate change, environmental pollution and invasive species. The data of the BPI can be used to e.g. identify areas of high and low pressure, to perform regional and temporal change analysis of pressures and it can help to tailor protective measures to the underlying pressures and thus likely increase the success of biodiversity protection under different future pathways.
The BPI consists of a set of datasets (land use, land use transitions, fertiliser use, pesticides use, nighttime lights, imports, mining, precipitation anomaly, temperature anomaly). Each of them was harmonised to matching projection, resolution, extent and subsequently normalised on a scale from 0 to 1+, where 1 is the global maximum of 2020. Meaning that values above one are higher than the global maximum in the baseline year. Each individual input variable was then summed up per pixel resulting in the cumulative BPI. The data was processed using R.