This data publication is supplementary to a study on microbial weathering of Fe-bearing minerals in the deep biosphere of a semi-arid environment (Chile). The dataset contains mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and thermodynamic data of an 87 m deep drill core profile located in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia (SG)). The drilling campaign was conducted in March-April 2019 as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP 1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”. The project focused on how microorganisms contribute to mineral weathering and thus shape Earth´s surface. Aim of the drilling campaign was to recover the continuous weathering profile from surface to weathering front and to pinpoint as well as disentangle weathering processes at depth. For this purpose, extractable Fe pools, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrate, energy yields of Fe redox reactions, in situ microbial Fe(III) reduction, microbial Fe(III) reduction extent in microcosms, as well as community compositions of in situ and microcosms derived 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were determined.
Trace element (TE) analysis of pyrite via LA-ICP-MS can produce large, paragenetically-constrained datasets, which can be used to reconstruct the conditions of pyrite formation in complex mineral systems. The Carpentaria province in northern Australia is host to some of the world’s highest value Zn-Pb (+Ag, Cu) deposits. The genesis of many of these deposits in the southern part of the province is controversial due to tectonic overprinting, with competing models of single- vs. multi-stage ore formation. In this study, LA-ICP-MS analysis of pyrite from the George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and correlative unmineralized host rocks has been combined with paragenetic and whole rock lithogeochemical data. Paragenetically constrained pyrite TE data were then evaluated in the context of single- vs. multi-stage ore formation models and compared with recent data from undeformed clastic-dominated (CD-type) deposits of the northern Carpentaria province. Pre-ore diagenetic pyrite is compositionally similar to other Proterozoic diagenetic pyrite, with some evidence of minor hydrothermal anomalism that could help define distal alteration, but requires further analysis. Pyrite from the different ore stages is compositionally distinct, consistent with a multi-stage system. Ore stage 1 pyrite has high concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Sb, Tl, and Pb as well as high Co/Ni ratios, whereas ore stage 2 pyrite contains Ni and Co, and ore stage 3 pyrite is dominated by Co with lesser concentrations of Ni and Cu. Ore stage 1 pyrite has a similar composition to hydrothermal pyrite in the undeformed northern Carpentaria CD-type deposits and likely formed syn-diagenesis. Ore stage 2 was syn-deformation, and resulted in replacement and recrystallization of pre-existing pyrite that also resulted in the expulsion of incompatible TEs. Ore stage 3 formed via a later Cu mineralizing event that resulted in a new geochemically distinct generation of Co-rich pyrite. This study demonstrates the value of pargenetically-constrained pyrite TE data for refining genetic models in complex sediment hosted mineral systems. This data publication includes pyrite trace element compositions (in ppm) of 28 samples from the un-mineralized Urquhart Shale Formation and from the George Fisher deposit. Access to drill cores was granted by Mount Isa Mines (MIM) George Fisher operation and Mount Isa Mines Resource Development.
The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia is host to several of the world’s largest clastic dominant (CD-type) massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted primarily in dolomitic silt- and mudstones. The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which poses challenges for the targeting of future discoveries. One important aspect to developing alteration models relates to defining the composition of the unaltered protolith to mineralization. In this dataset, we provide whole rock lithogeocheochemical data generated from samples obtained from drill-holes that intersected the mineralization in the Teena subbasin. A small number of samples are from 2 drill-holes from an adjoining subbasin (Myrtle) in the area. The samples were selected from stratigraphy of the Barney Creek Formation and are from the hangingwall to the mineralization in either subbasin. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and LECO analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Teck Australia (Pty Ltd) and the drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Magnall et al. (2021 - WHEN AVAILABLE)
Carbonate minerals are ubiquitous in most sediment-hosted mineral deposits. These deposits can contain a variety of carbonate types with complex paragenetic relationships. When normalized to chondritic values (CN), rare-earth elements and yttrium (REE+YCN) can be used to constrain fluid chemistry and fluid-rock interaction processes in both low- and high-temperature settings. Unlike other phases (e.g., pyrite), the application of in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) data to the differentiation of pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonates remains relatively untested. To assess the potential applicability of carbonate in situ REE+Y data, we combined transmitted light and cathodoluminescence (CL) petrography with LA-ICP-MS analysis of carbonate mineral phases from (1) the Proterozoic George Fisher clastic dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposit and from (2) correlative, barren host rock lithologies (Urquhart Shale Formation). The REE+YCN composition of pre-ore calcite suggests it formed during diagenesis from diagenetic pore fluids derived from ferruginous, anoxic seawater. Hydrothermal and hydrothermally altered calcite and dolomite from George Fisher is generally more LREE depleted than the pre-ore calcite, whole-rock REE concentrations, and shale reference values. We suggest this is the result of hydrothermal alteration by saline Cl--rich mineralizing fluids. Furthermore, the presence of both positive and negative Eu/Eu* values in calcite and dolomite indicates that the mineralizing fluids were relatively hot (>250°C) and cooled below 200-250°C during ore formation. This study confirms the hypothesis that in situ REE+Y data can be used to differentiate between pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonate and provide important constraints on the conditions of ore formation.
This data publication contains mineralogical, geochemical and magnetic susceptibility data of an 87.2 m deep profile of hydrothermally altered plutonic rock in a semi-arid region of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia). The profile was recovered during a drilling campaign (March and April 2019) as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which aims at understanding weathering of plutonic rock in dependency on different climatic conditions. The goal of the drilling campaign was to recover the entire weathering profile spanning from the surface to the weathering front and to investigate the weathering processes at depth. To this end, we used rock samples obtained by drilling and soil/saprolite samples from a manually dug 2 m deep soil pit next to the borehole. To elucidate the role of iron-bearing minerals for the weathering, we measured the magnetic susceptibility, determined the mineral content and analysed the geochemistry as well as the composition of Fe-bearing minerals (Mössbauer spectroscopy) in selected samples.
The 2017 Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes (SUSTAIN) drilling project at Surtsey volcano, sponsored in part by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), provides precise observations of the hydrothermal, geochemical, geomagnetic, and microbiological changes that have occurred in basaltic tephra and minor intrusions since explosive and effusive eruptions produced the oceanic island in 1963–1967. Two vertically cored boreholes, to 152 and 192 m below the surface, were drilled using filtered, UV-sterilized seawater circulating fluid to minimize microbial contamination. These cores parallel a 181 m core drilled in 1979.This data publication includes the operational data obtained during the drilling. All datasets consist of metadata and data. The metadata part provides basic specifications for each data column of the corresponding data table. Additional to that some explanatory remarks about general naming conventions, data model and formats, value lists and acronyms are shown in Jackson et al. (2019).
The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia comprises several of the wordl's largest Zn-Pb massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted in fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, which have been affected by variable degrees of tectonic overprint, especially to the south of the district. Three of these world class clastic-dominated (CD-type) Zn-Pb deposits (George Fisher, Hilton, and Mount Isa) are hosted in siltstones and mudstones of the Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma; southern Carpentaria Province). The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which complicates exploration for and discovery of new CD-type Zn-Pb deposits. A major caveat to understanding such footprints is the availability of suitable correlative host rock lithologies, which represent the un-mineralized protolith (background composition). In this study, we report whole rock lithogeocheochemical and mineralogical data from drill-holes that intersected the main ore bodies at the George Fisher deposit and from correlative un-mineralized Urquhart Shale. These data were combined with petrographic observations in order to (1) establish the detrital, authigenic, and diagenetic background composition of the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation, and to (2) evaluate mineralogical and associated chemical mass changes that resulted from the hydrothermal event(s) at the George Fisher deposit. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition, as well as S, TOC, total C, CO2, Cgra concentrations, and mineralogical composition of 41 samples from the un-mineralized Urquhart Shale Formation and 70 samples from the George Fisher deposit. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LECO, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Mount Isa Mines (MIM) George Fisher operation and Mount Isa Mines Resource Development; the respective MIM drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Rieger et al. (2020 - WHEN AVAILABLE)
Analyzing the chemical composition of rocks and minerals is an important tool for exploring and understanding mineral resources. Typically, hydrothermal ore deposits are characterized by primary alteration halos. At the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu deposit, the hydrothermal alteration of the wall rocks produced concentric zones with progressively greater distance from the veins, consisting of a proximal tourmaline-quartz-muscovite zone and a distal muscovite-quartz zone.Tourmaline and mica are ubiquitous minerals at Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu and coexist in many other hydrothermal ore deposits worldwide. Both minerals are well-known to host variable amounts of trace elements and to have potential as pathfinder minerals as well as fluid monitors.We analyzed major, minor and trace element contents of altered and unaltered metasediments from the Panasqueira by XRF and ICP-MS and tourmaline and white mica major, minor and trace element compositions by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in previously well-characterized samples from different locations/setting in the mine (greisen, vein-selvages, wall-rock alteration zones, fault zone, and late vugs).Detailed information about the samples used, the location, and general geological background of the samples, and the analytical method is provided in the data description "2020-002_Codeco-et-al_data-description.pdf ".Detailed information about the the samples used, the location and general geological background of the samples and the analytical methods are provided in the data description file (2020-002_Codeco-et-al_data-description.pdf).
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