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Neue Beprobungstechniken zur Untersuchung der Rolle von Carboxylat-Exsudaten in der Phosphoraufnahmeeffizienz von Hartweizen (DGT Exudates)

Die Carboxylat-Exsudation ist ein wichtiger Prozess für Pflanzen, um eine ausreichende Nährstoffaufnahme, insbesondere in Böden mit Phosphor-Mangel, sicherzustellen. Die Gewinnung von Carboxylatproben von im Boden gewachsenen Wurzeln ist aufgrund der geringen Konzentrationen von Carboxylaten in der Bodenlösung und ihrer schnellen Mineralisierung durch Mikroben sehr anspruchsvoll. Deshalb wurden die meisten Studien bisher mit künstlichen Wachstumssystemen (z. B. Hydroponik) durchgeführt, von denen viele die Zusammensetzung und Menge der Wurzelexsudate beeinflussen können. Wegen dieser erheblichen technischen Lücke besteht immer noch eine große Wissenslücke hinsichtlich der räumlichen Verteilung von Carboxylat-Exsudaten in der Rhizosphäre, sowie hinsichtlich des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Exsudation über die Vegetationsperiode von Kulturpflanzen. Wir haben kürzlich eine niedrig-invasive Citrat-Exsudat-Probenahmemethode entwickelt, die auf der “Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films” Methode (DGT) basiert. Diese Methode stellt eine signifikante Verbesserung gegenüber bestehenden Techniken dar. In diesem Projekt werden wir (1) unsere DGT-Citrat-Probenahmemethode weiterentwickeln, um weitere wichtige Carboxylat-Exsudat-Verbindungen einzubeziehen, (2) die DGT-Chemical-Imaging-Funktion nutzen, um Carboxylat-Exsudations-Bildgebungs-Workflows mit mm- und sub-mm-Auflösung zu entwickeln, (3) die entwickelten DGT-Carboxylat-Probenahmemethoden hinsichtlich ihrer Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen charakterisieren und (4) die DGT-Carboxylat-Probenahme anwenden, um die Rolle der Carboxylat-Exsudation bei der Phosphoraufnahmeeffizienz von Hartweizen-Genotypen über ihre Vegetationsperiode und mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung zu untersuchen. Ausgewählte Anionenaustauscherharze werden auf ihre Carboxylatbindungseigenschaften charakterisiert. Räumliche Carboxylatverteilungen werden durch Schneiden der DGT-Gele und durch hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (LDI-FTICR-MS) visualisiert. Die Probenahmeeffizienz der neuen Methode wird unter Verwendung von Mikrodialyse (künstliche Wurzelsonden) in Kombination mit C-14-markierten Carboxylatverbindungen quantifiziert. Die numerische Simulation der Probenahme und der experimentelle Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Methoden werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der DGT-Carboxylat-Probenahme demonstrieren. Die neu entwickelte Probenahmetechnik wird die Probenahme von ganzen Wurzelsystemen und Wurzelsystemteilen, die Kartierung mit einer Auflösung im mm-Maßstab, die Abbildung von Exsudatgradienten im Mikrometer-Maßstab, und die wiederholte Probenahme über die gesamte Vegetationsperiode ermöglichen. Mit dieser neuartigen Methodik werden beispiellose Daten zu Carboxylat-Exsudationsmustern in Wurzelsystemen von Hartweizen gesammelt werden. Diese Methode wird eine wichtige technische Lücke schließen und zur Entwicklung/Auswahl von Kultursorten mit hoher Phosphoraufnahmeeffizienz beitragen.

Digital elevation model (DEM 1) of the River Rhine floodplain between Iffezheim and Kleve, Germany

This digital elevation model (DEM) describes the topography of the active floodplain of the freeflowing parts of River Rhine between the weir Iffezheim and the German-Dutch border near Kleve with 1 m spatial resolution in coordinate reference system "ETRS 1989 UTM Zone 32 N" and 0.01 m resolution in the German height reference system "Deutsches Haupthöhennetz 1992 (DHHN92)". The dataset was generated in four parts through aerial laser scanning (ALS) for terrestrial parts of the floodplain and echo sounding for aquatic parts of the central water course by the local waterway and navigation authorities (WSV) between 2003 and 2010. Parts not covered by any of the two data collection methods were filled through linear interpolation. A comparison between DEM and reference points confirmed a high accuracy with a mean deviation of elevations of ± 5 cm. Depending on the data source 95% of all checked points show a vertical deviation of less than 15 cm to 50 cm. Since the dataset has a large volume it was split into 40 tiles.

Entwicklung von Prozesstechnologie für hocheffiziente langzeitstabile Perowskitsolarzellen nach dem PeroTecTM Verfahren, Teilvorhaben: Technologie-Entwicklung einer UKP-Laserglasbearbeitung für Perowskit-Solarzellen

Aircraft measurements of single particle chemical composition over the Southern Baltic Sea during the BALTIC'15 campaign in 2015

During the BALTIC'15 campaign in August 2015 over the Southern Baltic Sea, measurements of chemical composition and vacuum-aerodynamic diameter of individual aerosol particles were conducted by the Aircraft-based laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometer (ALABAMA) operated by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Particle Chemistry Department). Measurements were performed on board the Alfred Wegener Institute research aircraft Polar 5. Four research flights were conducted: - Scientific flight 1 (SF1) on August 26, 2015 - Scientific flight 2 (SF2) on August 28, 2015 - Scientific flight 3 (SF3) on August 28, 2015 - Scientific flight 5 (SF4) on August 30, 2015. The data set contains sampling time, location, identified particle types, and particle size (if available). For detailed information on data processing and particle type characterization, please refer to the publication by Zanatta et al. (2019) or contact the authors: Franziska Köllner (f.koellner@mpic.de) and Johannes Schneider (Johannes.schneider@mpic.de).

Geochemical parameters in peat depth profiles from ombrotrophic bogs in North and Central Europe. Fochteloër Veen, the Netherlands

This dataset contains geochemical variables measured in six depth profiles from ombrotrophic peatlands in North and Central Europe. Peat cores were taken during the spring and summer of 2022 from Amtsvenn (AV1), Germany; Drebbersches Moor (DM1), Germany; Fochteloër Veen (FV1), the Netherlands; Bagno Kusowo (KR1), Poland; Pichlmaier Moor (PI1), Austria and Pürgschachen Moor (PM1), Austria. The cores AV1, DM1 and KR1 were taken using a Wardenaar sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands) and had diameter of 10 cm. The cores FV1, PM1 and PI1 had an 8 cm diameter and were obtained using an Instorf sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). The cores FV1, DM1 and KR1 were 100 cm, core AV1 was 95 cm, core PI1 was 85 cm and core PM1 was 200 cm. The cores were subsampeled in 1 cm (AV1, DM1, KR1, FV1) and 2 cm (PI1, PM1) sections. The subsamples were milled after freeze drying in a ballmill using tungen carbide accesoires. X-Ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF; ZSX Primus II, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine Al (μg g-1), As (μg g-1), Ba (μg g-1), Br (μg g-1), Ca (g g-1), Cl (μg g-1), Cr (μg g-1), Cu (μg g-1), Fe (g g-1), K (g g-1), Mg (μg g-1), Mn (μg g-1), Na (μg g-1), P (μg g-1), Pb (μg g-1), Rb (μg g-1), S (μg g-1), Si (μg g-1), Sr (μg g-1), Ti (μg g-1) and Zn (μg g-1). These data were processed and calibrated using the iloekxrf package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024) in R. C, N and their stable isotopes were determined using an elemental analyser linked to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-3000, Eurovector, Pavia, Italy & Nu Horizon, Nu Instruments, Wrexham, UK). C and N were given in units g g-1 and stable isotopes were given as δ13C and δ15N for stable isotopes of C and N, respectively. Raw data C, N and stable isotope data were calibrated with certified standard and blank effects were corrected with the ilokeirms package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024). Using Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (Agilent Cary 670 FTIR spectromter, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca, USA) humification indices (HI) were determined. Spectra were recorded from 600 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 with a resolution of 2 cm-1 and baselines corrected with the ir package (Teickner, 2025) to estimate relative peack heights. The HI (no unit) for each sample was calculated by taking the ratio of intensities at 1630 cm-1 to the intensities at 1090 cm-1. Bulk densities (g cm-3) were estimated from FT-MIR data (Teickner et al., in preparation).

Grainsize composition of composite sediment core ROD11 from the crater basin of Rodderberg, Germany

Grainsize data supports palaeoclimatic reconstruction of glacial/interglacial cycles for the Middle Pleistocene sediment record from the crater basin of Rodderberg, Germany. A sediment record measuring 72.8 m in length was retrieved by employing wire-line drilling techniques, utilising 3 m-long liners, from the silted-up crater basin of Rodderberg (East Eifel Volcanic Field) in the vicinity of the city of Bonn, Germany. For the purpose of grainsize analysis, the composite record ROD11 was systematically subsampled at a spatial resolution of 2 cm and examined through a laser diffraction particle size analyser (Beckman Coulter LS 13320). The resulting sedimentological data characterise glacials as silt-dominated (aeolian sediments: loess), interglacials as sand-dominated (runoff-related deposits from the step crater walls) and clay dominance for the Holocene soil. The terrestrial sediment record has been evaluated through multiple dating techniques and it provides a comprehensive environmental reconstruction since the Middle Pleistocene, thus providing valuable insights into the region's climate history.

Lokalisation der toxischen Metalle Blei und Cadmium in Pflanzenzellen

Lebenden bzw. vorher fixierten Pflanzen bzw. Pflanzenteilen wird Blei bzw. Cadmium in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen unterschiedlich lang angeboten. Die eingedrungenen und gefaellten Metalle werden elektronenmikroskopisch und unter Zuhilfenahme einer EDAX-Mikrosonde bzw. eines Laser-Mass-Analyzers (LAMMA) lokalisiert und charakterisiert. Ueber die Lokalisation der toxischen Schwermetalle Blei und Cadmium in Pflanzenzellen liegen bisher wenige Angaben vor. Um die Wirkungsmechanismen der Schwermetalle besser als bisher verstehen zu koennen, erscheint es notwendig, die Lokalisation eingebrachter Schwermetalle zu untersuchen. Damit werden praezisere Aussagen ueber die Entgiftungsmechanismen und Schaeden moeglich. Vorlaeufige eigene elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen erkennen, dass das wenige Blei, das in Zellen ueberhaupt eindringt, ueber die Dictyosomen und ueber Vesikel des endoplasmatischen Retikulums entweder in Vakuolen geschleust oder wieder nach aussen transportiert wird. Die Huellen der Mitochondrien und Plastiden scheinen auch als Filter zu wirken, da in diesen Kompartimenten hoehere Konzentrationen als im Inneren der erwaehnten Organellen anfallen. Eventuell wird vor energiereichen Metaboliten an diesen Reaktionsorten Phosphorsaeure durch zelleigene Phosphatasen abgespalten, was zu einer Fuellung der Bleiionen als Bleiphosphat fuehrt. Das anfallende schwerloesliche Bleiphosphat wird dann an Orte transportiert, an denen es weniger Schaden anrichten kann.

Iron, mercury and tin contents as well as grain sizes measurements from fluvial sediments of the Röslau River, Bavaria, Germany

We measured Sn, Fe and Hg content as well as grain size composition of soil cores and streambed samples from the floodplain of the Röslau River (Bavaria, Germany), in order to reconstruct the floodplain development and chemical antropogenic impacts. The samples were collected in 2023 and analysed in 2023/24 using aqua regia digestion and ICP-OES/ICP-MS to analyse the elemental composition. To prepare the samples, the sediment was sieved (2 mm) to discard the gravel fraction and large organic pieces. Further homogenisation was undertaken by grinding the samples with a vibratory mill. Grain sizes were obtained using a combination of sieving and laser diffraction (Microtrac particle analyser; Microtrac Retsch GmbH SYNC SN 0233).

Additive Manufacturing von 3D-Verbindungselementen im Bauwesen, Teilvorhaben: Entwicklung einer kostengünstigen Laser Powder Bed Fusion Maschine

Geochemical parameters in peat depth profiles from ombrotrophic bogs in North and Central Europe. Drebbersches Moor, Germany

This dataset contains geochemical variables measured in six depth profiles from ombrotrophic peatlands in North and Central Europe. Peat cores were taken during the spring and summer of 2022 from Amtsvenn (AV1), Germany; Drebbersches Moor (DM1), Germany; Fochteloër Veen (FV1), the Netherlands; Bagno Kusowo (KR1), Poland; Pichlmaier Moor (PI1), Austria and Pürgschachen Moor (PM1), Austria. The cores AV1, DM1 and KR1 were taken using a Wardenaar sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands) and had diameter of 10 cm. The cores FV1, PM1 and PI1 had an 8 cm diameter and were obtained using an Instorf sampler (Royal Eijkelkamp, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). The cores FV1, DM1 and KR1 were 100 cm, core AV1 was 95 cm, core PI1 was 85 cm and core PM1 was 200 cm. The cores were subsampeled in 1 cm (AV1, DM1, KR1, FV1) and 2 cm (PI1, PM1) sections. The subsamples were milled after freeze drying in a ballmill using tungen carbide accesoires. X-Ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF; ZSX Primus II, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine Al (μg g-1), As (μg g-1), Ba (μg g-1), Br (μg g-1), Ca (g g-1), Cl (μg g-1), Cr (μg g-1), Cu (μg g-1), Fe (g g-1), K (g g-1), Mg (μg g-1), Mn (μg g-1), Na (μg g-1), P (μg g-1), Pb (μg g-1), Rb (μg g-1), S (μg g-1), Si (μg g-1), Sr (μg g-1), Ti (μg g-1) and Zn (μg g-1). These data were processed and calibrated using the iloekxrf package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024) in R. C, N and their stable isotopes were determined using an elemental analyser linked to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-3000, Eurovector, Pavia, Italy & Nu Horizon, Nu Instruments, Wrexham, UK). C and N were given in units g g-1 and stable isotopes were given as δ13C and δ15N for stable isotopes of C and N, respectively. Raw data C, N and stable isotope data were calibrated with certified standard and blank effects were corrected with the ilokeirms package (Teickner & Knorr, 2024). Using Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (Agilent Cary 670 FTIR spectromter, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca, USA) humification indices (HI) were determined. Spectra were recorded from 600 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 with a resolution of 2 cm-1 and baselines corrected with the ir package (Teickner, 2025) to estimate relative peack heights. The HI (no unit) for each sample was calculated by taking the ratio of intensities at 1630 cm-1 to the intensities at 1090 cm-1. Bulk densities (g cm-3) were estimated from FT-MIR data (Teickner et al., in preparation).

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