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The ATAAC project aims at improvements to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for aerodynamic flows used in today's aeronautical industry. The accuracy of these is limited by insufficient capabilities of the turbulence modelling / simulation approaches available, especially at the high Reynolds numbers typical of real-life flows. As LES will not be affordable for such flows in the next 4 decades, ATAAC focuses on approaches below the LES level, namely Differential Reynolds Stress Models (DRSM), advanced Unsteady RANS models (URANS), including Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), Wall-Modelled LES, and different hybrid RANS-LES coupling schemes, including the latest versions of DES and Embedded LES. The resources of the project will be concentrated exclusively on flows for which the current models fail to provide sufficient accuracy, e.g. in stalled flows, high lift applications, swirling flows (delta wings, trailing vortices), buffet etc. The assessment and improvement process will follow thoroughly conceived roadmaps linking practical goals with corresponding industrial application challenges and with modelling/simulation issues through stepping stones represented by appropriate generic test cases. The final goals of ATAAC are: - to recommend one or at most two best DRSM for conventional RANS and URANS- to provide a small set of hybrid RANS-LES and SAS methods that can be used as reference turbulence-resolving approaches in future CFD design tools - to formulate clear indications of areas of applicability and uncertainty of the proposed approaches for aerodynamic applications in industrial CFD - Contributing to reliable industrial CFD tools, ATAAC will have a direct impact on the predictive capabilities in design and optimisation, and directly contribute to the development of Greener Aircraft.
Objective: We combine state-of-the-art techniques, methodologies, skills and instrumentation from several scientific arenas to create discipline-independent platforms to address key questions in nanotoxicology. Thus, we identify the routes via which nanoparticles enter and accumulate in living organisms, and connect this to representative cell-nanoparticle systems. Then using the most advanced methods of chemical, physical, biological and toxicological sciences we connect nanoparticle properties (in physiological conditions) to the mechanisms via which they interact with, and disrupt, cellular processes. We establish means and protocols via which every step of the program will be controlled, eliminating the factors that currently cause irreproducibilities. We emphasize novel unbiased assessments of intra- and inter-cellular processes after exposure to nanoparticles, enabling us to explore known, and unknown, processes. Key companies, large and small from several end-user groups, that are currently facing the challenge of applying nanotechnology in their products are built into the program in a substantial manner, and other key stake-holders are also incorporated into the overall consortium via the Advisory Board. This will ensure maximum uptake of the knowledge generated by NanoInteract, and enable development of Standards for nanoparticle risk assessment.
General Information: Water jet cutting is a very young technology that offers due to its possibilities the opportunity to cut nearly every material. Especially difficult-to-machine materials like composites (metal matrix), austenitic steel, titanium and aluminium as well as xome ceramics can be cut. Water jets are a non-thermal cutting tool, so that no heat-affected zone occurs and also heat sensitive materials can be cut. Aim of the project is to improve the quality of cut to minimise or avoid further machining operations. Criteria will be chosen to characterise the quality of the cutting result. Working groups will run parallel R and D activities in relation to the main parameters that influence the quality of the cutting results. These results will lead to an improved knowledge of all partners to produce more efficient quality cuts. Achievements: Quality criteria as well as measuring procedures were chosen to characterise the quality of the cutting result. All samples were measured in one lab to guarantee comparability of results. Extensive know-how about the influence of process parameters on the cutting quality was delivered. Extensive cutting tests at several facilities (industrial and research) were conducted. Quality criteria were measured and evaluated. On the basis of extensive quality data a first technological model for the prediction of the roughness of the shoulder of the cut was developed. The model showed encouraging agreement with experimental data. Aluminium and glass samples have been cut using a range of suspension type, abrasive water jet cutting machines. Analysis of major process parameters have shown clear trends which seem generally apply to both the cutting of aluminium and glass. Ideally, it should be possible to determine surface roughness by either increasing abrasive concentration or reducing traverse speed. Different abrasive cutting heads were tested in order to understand the influence of the mixing chamber design on the cut quality. Six different abrasive cutting heads were tested. After analysing the 6 abrasive cutting head designs and discussion of results, a new abrasive cutting head was developed. Innovative aspects of the cutting head are: - autocentering of water nozzle and focusing nozzle - reduced angle of the entrance of the focusing tube and increased length - mixing tube and focusing tube are monobloc. First tests with the so called 'Euro cutting head' showed improved cutting quality. The influence of process parameters on the accuracy of the cut contour, by analysing the squareness at the top and the bottom of the workpiece as well as dimensions of overshoots at incontinuities, like angles, was investigated. Such criteria are of great interest for manufacturers of cutting systems to qualify the accuracy of cutting systems.
General Information: It is proposed to investigate and model the properties of highly anisotropic short fibre composites (glass fibre reinforced LCP's and 'long fibre' reinforced thermoplastic materials). These advanced composites are compared to standard short fibre composites. 'Push-Pull' injection moulding is used to process these materials and to come to a quasi-multilayered laminate structure in the parts. The properties of these composites are highly determined by processing parameters, design of part and gating and especially by the local fibre and matrix orientation and fibre length distribution. The proposal is intended as fundamental research to provide novel tool for designing, processing and quality control of highly anisotropic materials. These tools are morphology-based and pay attention to the high gradients in fibre and matrix orientation. These objectives are achieved by three principal tasks: 1. Modelling of the 'Push-Pull' injection moulding process will provide tools to predict fibre and matrix orientation in the layers, that are formed while the melt flows several times through the mould. Crystallisation and viscous heating effects in the solidifying boundary are important for the process-related morphology. 2. Modelling of local material properties (tensors of stiffness and thermal expansion) based on measured local matrix and fibre orientation tensors, local fibre volume fraction, matrix crystallinity and local fibre length distribution. 3. Developing and application of new 2D and 3D image analysis methods to measure morphological parameters of the fibre reinforcement. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy using optical and physical sectioning combined with pattern matching will provide fibre orientation and length data in a one-step 3D analysis. Successful completion should strengthen the European position in the market of these advanced composites by a reduction of the development time for new parts of more than 30 per cent. This will result in a corresponding reduction of product costs. Material properties of advanced composites are improved significantly (e.g. weldline strength by more than 50 per cent) by the new 'Push-Pull' process. Achievements: A new Push-Pull mould was developed to produce different plate geometries with different grades of nylon-6.6 and LCP. Fibre orientation measurements proved that Push-Pull processing can be used to produce highly oriented glass fibre reinforced samples. The influence of non-constant thickness, diverging and converging flow respectively was investigated by fibre orientation measurements and tensile tests in these parts. A range of fibre reinforced samples has been characterized by 2D image analysis, 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and ultrasonic, time of flight measurements. Significant sample regions have been scanned by these techniques.
General Information: The proposed research is directed at developing a refrigeration cycle for use in automotive air conditioning systems. The new cycle will use a naturally occurring gas as a refrigerant. Because of the new refrigerants properties and the common working conditions of an automotive a/c cycle it will be necessary to develop a completely new transcritical vapour compression system. Major tasks are: (I) Calculation of thermodynamic cycle and of components based on typical car specifications; (II) Development of components - compressor, heat exchangers, expansion device, control device, receiver and hoses; (III) Bench tests; (IV) Construction of prototypes; (V) Car tests in windtunnel and in-field; (VI) Safety and Acoustics evaluation. Successful completion will provide a long-term solution for an environmentally harmless refrigeration system. Achievements: A completely new refrigeration cycle for air-conditioning with carbon dioxide technology was developed. The main emphasis was placed on the thermodynamic calculation of the cycle and the components according to a revised specification, the development of the components such as compressor, heat exchangers, means for control and expansion, storage vessels and refrigerant hoses, test bench investigations, construction of two vehicles, vehicle tests in wind tunnels and road tests and the evaluation of safety and costs aspects. Following this, a direct comparison to a current serial air-conditioning system under commonly acknowledged conditions became possible. An automotive air-conditioning system is often operated above the critical temperature of CO(2) at 31.1 Degree of Celsius. Therefore a CO(2) system will mostly work in a transcritical cycle mostly. At supercritical conditions (critical pressure: 73.8 bar), pressure and temperature are independent of each other. The conditions in the evaporator remain subcritical. In this transcritical cycle the refrigeration capacity, the compressor work and thereby the cycle efficiency depend on the existing discharge pressure in accordance with the heat rejection temperature. The optimum discharge pressure is a function of the ambient temperature. The refrigeration circuit control should provide sufficient cooling capacity at high efficiency with satisfying passenger comfort, largely independent from the momentary driving and climate conditions. The vehicle refrigeration circuit consists of a compressor, gas cooler, expansion device, evaporator, accumulator and internal heat exchanger. The packaging shows only slight differences to series vehicles. The small cross-section of the refrigerant pipes makes it easier to find a route through the tight engine compartment. The refrigeration cycle with CO(2) operates at high pressure levels, but this does not represent an significantly increased risk with adapted components. Due to refrigerant properties the new developed components remain nearly comparable in respect of weight and dimensions.
Auf Initiative des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung (BMWF) entstand in Kooperation mit der Kooperationsplattform Forst - Holz - Papier (FHP) eine Doktoratsinitiative 'Holz - Mehrwertstoff mit Zukunft' (DokInHolz). Die einzelnen Dissertationsthemen sollten dabei die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette Forst - Holz - Papier abdecken und über das Leitthema 'nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung' miteinander verknüpft sein. Über die Koordination durch FHP wurden aus einem Themenpool von dreißig Themen elf Themen ausgewählt und in einer Kooperation der akademischen Betreuer der Dissertationsprojekte und der Wirtschaftspartner weiter elaboriert. Die einzelnen Themen betreffen die Sicherung der forstlichen Primärproduktion unter Aspekten von Risiko und Unsicherheit, die Entwicklung von Modellen für ein Supply-Chain Management und neue Technologieansätze für eine effiziente Verarbeitungskette von Laubholz, Grundlagen zum chemischen sowie zum mechanischen Aufschluss des Rohstoffes Holz, das Alterungsverhalten von Cellulose basierten Materialien, Modelle zur Festigkeit von Cellulosefasern, Modelle zur Beschreibung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Holz, Brettschichtholz und Brettsperrholz unter Berücksichtigung von Material- und Strukturnichtlinearitäten sowie von Verbindungsmittel im Bereich der ressourcen-effizienteren Nutzung von Holz im Bauwesen. Die Doktoratsinitative mit seinen einzelnen Forschungsthemen wird durch die Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), der TU Wien und TU Graz, sowie die Universität Innsbruck durch Unterprojekte erarbeitet. Die Projektkoordination wird durch Prof. Teischinger an der BOKU und stellvertretend durch Prof. Eberhardsteiner von der TU Wien geleitet.
Objective: Low-noise road surfaces are recognized as a cost-effective tool for traffic noise abatement. The best performance can be achieved by optimizing surface texture and porosity. That way, a bottom line of a 3dB lifetime average reduction with respect to ordinary asphalt has been reached. Any progress must resort to another noise-relevant characteristic i.e. elasticity by which the noise due to tyre vibrations can be suppressed. A recently completed European project has shown that, in order to be effective, the elasticity of the road surface must be in the same range as that of the tyre itself. This explains why previous attempts of incorporating a little rubber in an asphalt mix failed to produce significant noise reductions. The solution consists of a fully rubberized, porous compound: a so-called.
Objective: The main objective is to develop a novel atmospheric plasma technique for surface cleaning and coating deposition as well as two innovative coatings: a self-diagnostic protective coating and a coating provided with identification marker. The project aims at integrating the new plasma cleaning/deposition technique and the new coatings in a full-life protocol spanning surface cleaning and pre-treatment, deposition of protective and identification coatings, and complete removal of coatings. The plasma technique is proposed for surface cleaning and coating removal as alternative or complementary to the other non-contact techniques such as laser. This technique is characterized by no thermal heating, selectivity, chemical reduction of oxides, applicability on all substrates and competitive costs. The self-diagnostic coatings provide a long-lasting solution with an added value of easy and instant diagnostic of coating functionality through a nano-technological approach, reducing monitoring costs and time with no impact on tourist accessibility. The identification marker coating allows using nanotechnologies to obtain a transparent authenticity proof and cataloguing label. The compatibility of the new materials with the substrates is guaranteed intrinsically by their integration in the full-life protocol because it ensures its complete reversibility. The protocol is applicable on all substrate materials principally as preventing conservation, in the project its validation is proposed on metal substrates (silver and bronze) and on mural paintings, limestone and sandstone. The project also aims at implementing a demonstrator of the entire full-life protocol, which will be used for training cultural operators in organised events and fairs. An added value is also the strong participation of SMEs as conservation operators and as technological companies, which ensures the possibility of scaling up and placing the new products on the market.
Objective: The IMAT project aims to integrate the cutting edge research in nanotechnology with that of cultural heritage conservation for the development of new advanced conservation techniques and materials. A consortium of researchers representing expertise in the areas of art conservation, nanotechnology, and thermo-electrical engineering, has been assembled with the purpose of inventing an advanced precision heating technology and designing a series of portable, highly accurate flexible mild heating devices specifically for broad application in the field of art conservation, employing, but not limited to the new technology of carbon nanotubes (CNT). The new technology and product acknowledges and responds to a glaring omission in fundamental conservation instrumentation. The control over the application of heat often constitutes the core of success in structural treatment of diverse cultural heritage objects, yet sources currently available to conservators are unable to guarantee accuracy, control or uniformity, and therefore may compromise the favourable outcome of treatment. The lack of mobile high precision and accessible instrumentation impacts conservation treatment capacities and the long-term preservation of irreplaceable cultural heritage in the most direct way, since objects may be and are exposed to risk because of inadequate or unavailable instrumentation. This is particularly relevant to treatments that take place in the field, including emergency responses, that often must rely on inadequate tools. The heating table, long considered a basic piece of laboratory equipment for previous methodologies, is now out of sync with the current direction of conservation that favours minimally invasive treatments with respect to those of the past and requires enhanced mobility and versatility. The IMAT goals therefore will hit the core of this problem in many ways and the results will have a lasting impact on conservation methodology and beyond. The unique properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) materials will allow for the design of thin, lightweight, even transparent, stretchable and woven mild heaters with low power needs as an ultra-portable, versatile and efficient alternative for diverse thermal treatments. The development of the IMAT device and methodology will represent a unique opportunity to impact the field of conservation of heritage products in a significant manner, and the full extent of the potential for application will become evident only during usw.
LABOHR aims to develop Ultra High-Energy battery systems for automotive applications making use of lithium or novel alloy anodes, innovative O2 cathode operating in the liquid phase and a novel system for harvesting O2 from air, which can be regenerated during their operative life without need of disassembling. LABOHR has 5 key objectives: (i) development of a green and safe electrolyte chemistry based on non-volatile, non-flammable ionic liquids (ILs); (ii) use of novel nanostructured high capacity anodes in combination with ionic liquid-based electrolytes; (iii) use of novel 3-D nano-structured O2 cathodes making use of IL-based O2 carriers/electrolytes with the goal to understand and improve the electrode and electrolyte properties and thus their interactions; (iv) development of an innovative device capable of harvesting dry O2 from air; and (v) construction of fully integrated rechargeable lithium-Air cells with optimized electrodes, electrolytes, O2-harvesting system and other ancillaries. Accordingly, LABOHR aims to overcome the energy limitation for the application of the present Li-ion technology in electric vehicles with the goal to: 1- perform frontier research and breakthrough work to position Europe as a leader in the developing field of high energy, environmentally benign and safe batteries and to maintain the leadership in the field of ILs; 2- develop appropriate electrolytes and nano-structured electrodes which combination allows to realize ultra-high energy batteries; 3- develop a battery system concept as well as prototypes of the key components (cell and O2-harvesting device) to verify the feasibility of automotive systems with: A) specific energy and power higher than 500 Wh/kg and 200 W/kg; B) coulombic efficiency higher than 99Prozent during cycling; C) cycle life of 1,000 cycles with 40Prozent maximum loss of capacity, cycling between 90Prozent and 10Prozent SOC; and D) evaluate their integration in electric cars and renewable energy systems.
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