Einrichtungen der Drogen- und Suchthilfe
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Symbiosis research is currently in the midst of a revolution as molecular techniques are leading to major breakthroughs in our understanding of interactions between animals and microbes. There is an emerging recognition that all animals are intimately associated with a complex community of beneficial microbes that are essential for their development, nutrition, and health. Thus, modern symbiosis research has become a newly emerging supra-disciplinary field with novel and innovative methods for examining microbial symbiosis, the vast majority of which remain as yet uncultivable. As so often when novel technologies open up new areas of research, training for students lags behind. We propose to close this gap by offering a comprehensive and innovative training in the microbial ecology and evolution of animal symbionts. The proposed ITN Symbiomics will include 14 leading research groups as well as 4 top-tier participants from the private sector to provide 14 early stage researchers (ESRs) and 1 experienced research (ER) with an interdisciplinary and synergistic training. Cutting edge methods in molecular biology and image analysis will be used to analyze a broad range of hosts from protozoan and invertebrate animal groups. Symbiomics will provide training through a combination of local and network-wide activities that will include research, secondments, workshops and courses including soft skills training, networking and meetings, regular thesis committee meetings, and mentoring. By pooling the scientific, technological, and entrepreneurial expertise of the Symbiomics partners, this ITN will provide a synergistic research environment and training that extends far beyond what each partner would be able to offer with local training alone. At the end of their training, the early stage researchers will have the skills they need for successful careers in academia and industry in a broad range of disciplines in the fields of environmental, applied, and medical microbiology.
Processes and mechanisms of antagonistic coevolution The research I am proposing addresses basic aspects of the coevolution between hosts and their parasites. Many biological and medical phenomena have been explained to be a consequence of reciprocal host-parasite coevolution. Some of these explanations require specific and rapid antagonistic coevolution to take place. Experimental coevolution of viruses in bacteria or cell cultures gave evidence for coevolution by selective sweeps, but we have little, and mostly indirect evidence for coevolution with plant and animal hosts. However, population genetic consideration suggests that rapid antagonistic coevolution in plant and animal host systems should be dominated by negative frequency dependent selection. In this proposal I ask for funds to carry out experiments with populations of the waterfleas Daphnia magna and its microparasites to deepen our understanding of the genetic processes and mechanisms of coevolution. D. magna reproduce sexually and clonally, the later with a generation time of only 10 days. Two parasites, the microsporidium, Octosporea bayeri, and the bacterium, Pasteuria ramosa, will be used in the experiments. I propose a project with 3 sub-projects to elucidate the mechanisms and patterns of host-parasite coevolution. Sub-Project A aims to find direct experimental evidence for rapid and specific coevolution with Daphnia and a microsporidian parasite under natural conditions. This will include time-shift cross-infection experiments using hosts and parasites stored at different times of the coevolution. Sub-Project B is about finding the infectivity genes in the bacterial parasite, Pasteuria. Sub-Project C proposes experiments to elucidate the mechanisms at work shaping the genetic epidemiology and coevolution of Pasteuria with its waterflea host. With my research I hope to establish a case study, which would provide urgently needed data to test assumptions and to estimate parameters for epidemiological and (co-)evolutionary models of infectious diseases. It would allow streamlining treatments against pests and parasites and to make more accurate predictions about infectious diseases evolution. It will further provide insight into natural phenomena, which are suggested to be a consequence of rapid antagonistic coevolution.
During the last decades, there was an important increase in the prevalence of allergies in most European countries. Pollen related allergy is an important disease, resulting in symptoms of hay fever and asthma in 10Prozent to 20Prozent of the population, with notable higher prevalence rates in some countries, and especially in young age groups. Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen is known as the main and most dangerous allergen in the areas infested by this invasive species. This North-American plant is spreading all over Central, Eastern and Southern Europe since the 1960's from three main infested regions: Hungary, Lyon in France and the Po Valley in Italy. Monitoring airborne ragweed pollen has two main applications: - survey the spread of the plant and the effectiveness of the eradication measures, - provide physicians with necessary data for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of allergic diseases, and allergic persons with information in order to reduce the pollen exposure to a minimum. In all countries of Western Europe, pollen monitoring and forecasting is well developed and has proven to be useful for many groups, allergy sufferers, medical professionals and pharmaceutical companies. In contrast, many Eastern countries have very few pollen monitoring sites and no developed forecast models. This proposal will focus on the following points: - installing pollen monitoring sites in regions where they are lacking - providing complete aerobiological data for these sites to the medical community and the public - developing forecast models of ragweed airborne pollen presence and concentration for allergy prevention - allowing aerobiological survey of ragweed extension in the whole central Balkan region and then recommendation for ragweed eradication - integrate and share results and data above national borders The 2000 - 2003 SCOPES project 'Forecasting of the main allergenic pollen types in Albania and development of the monitoring network' has demonstrated the usefulness of such a network at a national level. Now, the present project focuses on the extension of the use of aerobiological data towards the survey of a dangerous health threatening plant species and the recommendations for preventive or eradication measures, and international collaboration. Existing forecast models need to be adapted to this particular region, and modified to be valid for a larger area. New models will be developed and tested. These models will integrate the pollen situation in the different participating countries and the neighboring ones. For the first time in Europe, pollen forecasting models will be cross-borders.