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Continuous current observations near DynaCom experimental islands in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2019-11 to 2023-09

Data presented here were collected between November 2019 to September 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). A recording current meter (RCM; SEAGUARD® Recording Current Meter, Aanderaa Data Instruments AS, Bergen/Norway) was installed in the back-barrier tidal flat near the experimental islands. The sensor was bottom-mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.59 m NHN) using a steel girder buried in the sediment, which caused the sensor to be exposed during low tide. All low-tide data have been removed from the dataset. The system was equipped with a ZPulse Doppler Current Sensor (DCS), a conductivity sensor, an oxygen optode, and two analogue sensors for chlorophyll-a and turbidity (16445). All sensors were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer. Recorded data were internally logged until readout with the SeaGuard Studio software (V1.5.23). Salinity was derived in the SeaGuard Studio software using temperature-dependent, nonlinear seawater conductivity compensation following the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78). Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Turbidity and chlorophyll-a data were excluded from the final dataset, as the recorded signals show implausible values and did not pass quality-control criteria. Post-processing and quality control included (a) the removal of low tide data, data covering maintenance activities, and data affected by biofouling, (b) the removal of implausible values, c) an outlier detection using the Hampel filter method, and (d) visual checks. Identified outlier were removed and synchronously removed across all associated parameters of the respective sensor.

Continuous wave and tide observations at DynaCom artificial islands in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2019-01 to 2019-12

Data presented here were collected between January 2019 to December 2019 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Local tide and wave conditions were recorded with a RBRduo TDǀwave sensor (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). The sensor was bottom mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.78 m NHN) through a steel girder (buried 0.3m deep in the sediment) and was positioned 10 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. For accurate depth calculations, raw pressure data were manually corrected for atmospheric pressure derived from a locally installed weather station. The sensor was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer and the sampling rate was 3 Hz with 1024 samples per burst at a sample interval of 10 min. Recorded data were internally logged until the readout with the Ruskin (V1.13.13) software. Date and time is given in UTC. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2018a). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, and (c) visually checks. Low-tide data is not removed, but were easily identified through the manually calculated water depth data, where all depths < 0.05m represented low tide data.

Continuous salinity observations at station BEFmate_S4low, 2019-09 to 2023-09

Data presented here were collected between 2019-09 and 2023-09 at station BEFmate_S4low within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). Salinity at different elevation zones was measured using conductivity loggers deployed in dip wells within experimental islands as well as in the saltmarsh enclosed plots. Measurements were obtained using HOBO U24 Conductivity Logger U24-002-C (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA/USA). All devices were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer. Logged data were retrieved in the field using a Hobo Underwater Shuttle (U-DTW-1) and were read out with the HOBOware Pro (V3.7.28) software. Salinity was derived in HOBOware Pro using temperature-dependent, nonlinear seawater conductivity compensation following the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78). Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Post-processing and quality control included (a) the removal of data covering maintenance activities, (b) the removal of implausible values using fixe thresholds (salinity > 40 psu and < 5 psu; temperature > 35 °C and < -5 °C), c) an outlier detection using the Hampel filter method, and (d) visual checks. Identified outliers were removed and synchronously removed across all associated parameters (temperature and salinity).

Continuous wave and tide observations at DynaCom artificial islands in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2022-09 to 2023-07

Data presented here were collected between September 2022 to July 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Local tide and wave conditions were recorded with a RBRduo TDǀwave sensor (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). The sensor was bottom mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.77 m NHN) through a steel girder (buried 0.3m deep in the sediment) and was positioned 10 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. For accurate depth calculations, raw pressure data were manually corrected for atmospheric pressure derived from a locally installed weather station. The sensor was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer and the sampling rate was 3 Hz with 1024 samples per burst at a sample interval of 10 min. Recorded data were internally logged until the readout with the Ruskin (V1.13.13) software. Date and time is given in UTC. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2018a). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, and (c) visually checks. Low-tide data is not removed, but were easily identified through the manually calculated water depth data, where all depths < 0.05m represented low tide data.

Continuous water level observations at station BEFmate_I4upp, 2020-01 to 2021-07

Data presented here were collected between 2020-01 and 2021-07 at station BEFmate_I4upp within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). Groundwater levels at different elevation zones were measured using pressure loggers deployed in dip wells within the experimental islands as well as in the saltmarsh enclosed plots. Measurements were obtained using Hobo U20L Water Level Loggers (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA/USA). All devices were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer. Logged data were retrieved in the field using a Hobo Underwater Shuttle (U-DTW-1) and were read out with the HOBOware Pro (V3.7.28) software, Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Atmospheric pressure correction for water-level calculations was applied using data from a nearby weather station. Post-processing and quality control included (a) the removal of data covering maintenance activities, (b) an outlier detection, and (c) visual checks. Outliers in water level and temperature time series were detected using a moving-median filter and a 3-sigma criterion, with additional cross-checking against a reference sensor. Identified outliers were removed, and height-corrected water level series were produced to ensure consistency across sensors and years.

Continuous meteorological observations at DynaCom automatic weather station, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2024-01 to 2024-12

Data presented here were collected between January 2024 to December 2024 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Meteorological data were collected near the experimental setup, with a locally installed weather station located approximately 500m north of the southern shoreline. The weather station system used here was a ClimaSensor US 4.920x.00.00x that was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer (Adolf Thies GmbH & Co. KG, D-Göttingen). Data were recorded and saved within the Processcontrol Weather (c) -4H- JENA engineering GmbH (v20.1.0.1 2020) software in a sampling interval of 1 min, with an averaging time of 10 s. Date and time were given in UTC and the position was derived from the internal GPS system. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, defined as data exhibiting changes of more than two standard deviations within one time step, and (c) visually checks.

Salinity, temperature, pH, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) measurements in surface waters within DynaCom experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots at different elevation levels, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2018-08 to 2022-01

Data were collected between August 2018 and January 2022 as part of the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Measurements were conducted almost bi-/monthly on experimental islands and salt marsh enclosed plots located in the back barrier tidal flat and salt marsh of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). Field-based in situ measurements of salinity, temperature, and pH were conducted using portable hand-held instruments in groundwater (filter tubes within experimental plots) and in surface waters from a tidal channel (ITC) adjacent to the experimental islands and a tidal pond (STP) in the pioneer zone of the salt marsh. Measurements were performed and samples were taken during the day between 3 hours before and 3 hours after low tide. From August 2018 to September 2019 a HQ40D digital two-channel multi meter equipped with a pre-calibrated Intellical CDC401 field 4-pole graphite conductivity cell (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany) was used to measure temperature (°C) and salinity (psu). The same device was used for pH measurements with an Intellical PHC101 field low maintenance gel filled pH electrode (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). The pH electrode was calibrated before each fieldwork using single-use pH buffer solutions (pH 4.01, 7.00, 10.01, Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). Since October 2019, salinity and temperature were measured using a Multi 3510 IDS SET 4 handheld device equipped with a TetraCon® 925/LV 4-Pol-IDS conductivity electrode with graphite cells (WTW, Xylem Analytics Germany GmbH, Germany). Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM, ppb QSE) was measured using an AquaFluor Modell 80000-010 for UV-420 (Turner Designs Inc., USA), pre-calibrated in the laboratory. For this, water samples were taken from the field to a nearby mobile central field unit and were filtered within 1-2 hours after sampling using 25 mm Nuclepore syringe filters (0.2 µm pore size) directly into sample-pre-rinsed measurement cuvettes. Data quality control (QC) was performed using MATLAB (R2024b). Outlier detection was conducted both visually and statistically using z-score analysis (|z| > 3) per sampling campaign and plot. Each data point was assigned a Quality Control Flag (QC).

Continuous wave and tide observations (2020) at DynaCom artificial islands in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2020-01 to 2020-12

Data presented here were collected between January 2020 to December 2020 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Local tide and wave conditions were recorded with a RBRduo TDǀwave sensor (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). The sensor was bottom mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.78 m NHN) through a steel girder (buried 0.3m deep in the sediment) and was positioned 10 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. For accurate depth calculations, raw pressure data were manually corrected for atmospheric pressure derived from a locally installed weather station. The sensor was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer and the sampling rate was 3 Hz with 1024 samples per burst at a sample interval of 10 min. Recorded data were internally logged until the readout with the Ruskin (V1.13.13) software. Date and time is given in UTC. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2018a). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, and (c) visually checks. Low-tide data is not removed, but were easily identified through the manually calculated water depth data, where all depths < 0.05m represented low tide data.

Continuous turbidity observations near DynaCom experimental in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2018-09 to 2023-09

Data presented here were collected between September 2018 to September 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). To measure local turbidity, a turbidity recorder equipped with a Seapoint® turbidity meter (RBRsolo Tu, RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada) was installed in the back-barrier tidal flat near the experimental islands in a shallow tidal creek (0.9 m NHN). Another one was installed at the saltmarsh edge (1.2 m NHN). Both loggers were bottom mounted through a steel girder (buried 0.3 m deep in the sediment) and were positioned 15 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. The turbidity recorders were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer (Seapoint Sensors, Inc., NH/USA). Recorded data were internally logged and exported using Ruskin software V2.24.3.x (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Post-processing and quality control included the removal of (a) low tide data (sensors exposed to air), (b) data covering maintenance activities, (c) data affected by biofouling, and (d) implausible values, i.e. negative values and values exceeding the linear response range of the sensor (1250 NTU). According to manufacturer specifications, the linear measurement range extends up to 1250 NTU, while 750 NTU represent a more conservative estimate of linearity. Therefore, 1250 NTU was adopted as the upper threshold for valid measurements in this dataset.

Continuous meteorological observations at DynaCom automatic weather station, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2025-01 to 2025-12

Data presented here were collected between January 2025 to December 2025 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Meteorological data were collected near the experimental setup, with a locally installed weather station located approximately 500m north of the southern shoreline. The weather station system used here was a ClimaSensor US 4.920x.00.00x that was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer (Adolf Thies GmbH & Co. KG, D-Göttingen). Data were recorded and saved within the Processcontrol Weather (c) -4H- JENA engineering GmbH (v20.1.0.1 2020) software in a sampling interval of 1 min, with an averaging time of 10 s. Date and time were given in UTC and the position was derived from the internal GPS system. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, defined as data exhibiting changes of more than two standard deviations within one time step, and (c) visually checks.

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