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Total organic carbon (TOC) concentration from drillhole FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt)

We analyzed 10 samples from the FB2001 depth interval 10-9 m for their Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content. This new data set is supplementary to the existing TOC record of Bauersachs et al. (2014) for the depth interval 145-1 m of the same core. The new samples were measured due to low spatial resolution of the existing TOC data set (~two samples per meter; Bauersachs et al., 2014; doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.015) relative to the gamma-ray data (~10 data points per meter), and thus allow for a same-resolution assessment of the gamma-ray/TOC relationship. For the TOC measurements we followed the protocol of Bauersachs et al. (2014). In short, the dried and powdered sediment samples (ca. 30 mg) were pretreated with excess 2M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to remove carbonates, neutralized with distilled water, and again dried at 50 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, samples were measured in duplicates using a CS-Analyser 144DR (Leco Coopeation) at the Institute of Earth Sciences at Heidelberg University with a sample reproducibility of < 0.5%.

Total organic carbon (TOC) and δ13CTOC measurement from drillhole FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt)

The methodology for total organic carbon (TOC) and δ13CTOC measurement followed Bauersachs et al. (2014, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.015). In brief, for TOC concentrations, sediment samples (approximately 30 mg) were dried and powdered, pretreated with excess 2M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to eliminate carbonates, neutralized with distilled water, and dried at 50°C for 24 hours. Subsequently, samples were analyzed in duplicates using a CS-Analyser 144DR (Leco Corporation) at the Institute of Earth Sciences at Heidelberg University, with a sample reproducibility of less than 0.5%. For δ13C analysis, portions of the powdered, decalcified sediment samples (1-2 mg) were examined using a Flash Elemental Analyzer 1112 (Thermo Scientific), connected to the continuous flow inlet system of a MAT 253 gas source mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) at the Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt. Carbon isotopes in graphite standard USGS24 were analyzed alongside the samples to ensure accuracy and precision. Isotope ratios are expressed in conventional delta notation: δsample (‰) = [(Rsample − Rstandard) / Rstandard - 1] × 1000, where R represents the ratio of 13C/12C of the sample and the standard Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB). Accuracy and precision of all isotopic analyses were determined by replicate sample analysis, yielding pooled standard errors better than 0.2 ‰ for δ13CTOC.

Gammy ray measurements from drillhole FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt)

The regularly spaced downhole gamma-ray log data (vertical sample rate = 0.1 m) from FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt) for the depth interval between 190 m to 1 m were already published in Felder and Harms (2004) and Wonik (2005). The gamma ray logging was done using a spectral gamma ray sensor (ANTARES). The normalized borehole gamma ray logging data from drill hole FB2001 was employed for astronomical tuning against the reference astronomical solution La2010d (Laskar et al., 2011, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116836).

Tie points of drillhole FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt)

Age-depth tie points (in ka) for drillcore FB2001, based on astronomical tuning methods outlined in Kaboth-Bahr et al. (2024).

Sedimentation rate of drillhole FB2001 located in Messel (Darmstadt)

The sedimentation rates derived from astronomical tuning of sediment core FB2001 based on astronomical tuning methods outlined in Kaboth-Bahr et al. (2024).

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