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Digital image correlation data of analogue models of strike-slip fault evolution in quartz sand G12

The data set includes the 3D incremental displacement fields resulting from Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis of four strike-slip experiments performed at the laboratory for experimental tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in 2022. The data here include the incremental displacement time series from four strike-slip experiments with quartz sand G12 (Rosenau et al., 2018): two with 1.2 cm thick sandpack and two with a 3 cm thick sandpack. Ramos Sánchez et al. (in review) used the incremental horizontal displacement fields from strike-slip fault experiments within different materials to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to predict off-fault deformation from active fault trace maps. Because off-fault deformation is difficult to ascertain in the field, convolutional neural networks trained on data from scaled physical experiment that simulate upper crustal deformation can inform how much off-fault deformation can be expected along crustal strike-slip faults. For training the CNNs Ramos Sánchez et al. (in review) used incremental horizontal displacement fields from experiments in wet kaolin (Cooke et al., 2021) and both poured and sedimented CV32 sand (Visage et al., 2023). All experiments used identical conditions of straight basal velocity discontinuity to produce overlying strike-slip faults. The benefit of training the CNN on strike-slip experiments within different materials is to capture a wide range of strike-slip deformation that may occur within the upper crust. After training of the CNN Ramos Sánchez et al. (in review) tested the trained on unseen fault maps including maps from the two 3 cm thick G12 sand experiments of this dataset. The 1.2 cm sandpack maps were excluded from the study because the strike-slip faults were very fine and closely spaced so they were not as well resolved as those of 3 cm sandpack. By testing the CNN trained on CV32 fault maps with the fault maps from G12 sand experiments, Ramos Sanchez et al. were able to assess if the applicability of the CNN to experiments with similar but not identical sand. Information on the displacement field analysis and CNN training and testing can be found in the main text and supplement to Ramos Sánchez et al. (in review). The file structure of this zip folder is fully described in the list of files.

3D textural characterization of rocks representing S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)

The role of the physical and microstructural properties of lavas impacts the dynamics of magma ascent and of the volcanic edifice itself. In the context of a doctoral project, ten samples representative of the central volcanoes of S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal), priorily collected in available outcrops in the island, were microstructurally assessed for the first time in the INGV-OV (Naples). Imaging was processed by the ZEISS Xradia Versa 410 X-ray computed microtomography. This tool enables accurate and complete textural characterization of rocks by providing 3D images of the samples. Posteriorly, the rocks were analysed with a dedicated image analysis software to resolve the internal microstructure of the samples. determining several key properties (porosity, permeability, fracturation, and crystal content) that are of major relevance for a posterior physical and mechanical assessment. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at magLab, INGV-OV (Naples, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Trace element data obtained from main minerals in Salitre clinopyroxenite and dunite rocks (APIP, Brazil)

The Salitre intrusion, which is subdivided into Salitre I and Salitre II. It was dated to ~86-82 Ma by Sonoki and Garda (1988). It is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP, Fig. 1) in Brazil. The APIP is one of the largest ultrapotassic/carbonatitic/kimberlitic provinces in the world. The intrusion consists of lamproites, carbonatites, and one lamprophyre, as well as various intrusive cumulitic rocks. These rocks include perovskite-phlogopite dunites, phlogopite-perovskite clinopyroxenites (salitrites, s.l.), phlogopitites, phoscorites, and perovskitites. These rocks are characterized by variable enrichment of olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, perovskite, oxides, apatite, and carbonate, as well as several accessory phases, such as baddeleyite and calzirtite. Their geochemical and petrological features are related to the variable amounts of these minerals. For this part of the project, we have analyzed the concentrations of trace elements in the primary minerals (clinopyroxene, phlogopite, garnet, perovskite, apatite and olivine) identified in three phlogopite-perovskite clinopyroxenites and one perovskite-phlogopite dunite. Analyzing the trace elements in these minerals helped us to better understand the differential settling of minerals within the Salitre magma chamber, and their possible genetic relationship with carbonatitic and lamprophyric rocks. These analyses also provided important information about the minerals' enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Noble Gas Isotopic Composition from Geothermal Springs of the North-Western Himalaya

This dataset contains noble gas (He, Ne, Ar) isotopic and elemental compositions of geothermal spring fluids collected across the North-Western Himalaya as part of the “Himalayan Geothermal Project: Investigating Geothermal Systems in the North Western Himalaya – Origin and Tectonic Influence”. The primary purpose of data collection was to determine the sources, mixing processes, and crust–mantle interactions governing geothermal fluid evolution in an active continental collision zone. Water samples were collected from major geothermal localities in Himachal Pradesh (India) using glass water. The entire analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Noble Gas Isotopes at the INGV Section in Palermo following all standard procedures. The resultant dataset is provided as a single CSV file containing all processed noble gas concentrations, isotopic ratios and other realted data. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Laboratory of Noble Gas Isotopes at the INGV Section in Palermo (Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Results of analogue tectonic models of rifting and tectonic lineament reactivation along the Main Ethiopian Rift

This data set includes results from a total of 13 analogue tectonic models aimed at simulating the activation of tectonic lineaments associated with the Main Ethiopian Rift in eastern Africa. We use a model set-up based on previous work by Zwaan et al. (2021, 2022). This set-up involves a velocity discontinuity (VD, i.e., the edge of a mobile base plate) to induce extension in the overlying brittle- and viscous model materials representing the upper and lower crust, respectively. Additional structural weaknesses (seeds) at the base of the brittle layer serve to represent activated tectonic weaknesses in nature. Model parameters (different VD and seed orientation, and different seed diameters) are summarized in Table 1. The model results presented in this data publication are obtained through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) analyses. A more detailed description of model set-up, model results, and their interpretation can be found in Zwaan et al. (2025)

Carbon isotopes in OIB Mantle source

Other

Microstructure and mechanical properties of massive and porous of lavas from S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)

The role of elongated pores and crystals of lavas influences their mechanical and physical behaviour, providing a first microstructural clue. In the context of a doctoral project, two samples – a trachyte and a basalt/andesite (s.l.) - representative of Fogo Volcano (S. Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal) were collected as part of an intact rock study. They were microstructurally assessed in the INGV-OV (Naples) using the ZEISS Xradia Versa 410 X-ray computed microtomography to obtain high-resolution 3D images, as well as to perform real-time in-situ mechanical tests (uniaxial – 7 mm diameter cylinders - and Brazilian – 13 mm diameter discs) to assess how elongated pores/crystals control strength. In addition to 3D images of the samples, which allow segmentation of the pore space and crystals, mechanical tests show that trachytes are more competent than vesicular basalts/andesites. Both pores and crystals control the development of the crack pattern.

CAMSIZER Particle Size Data from Explosive Paroxysms of Mt. Etna (2011–2025)

Mt. Etna in Catania, Italy, is an active volcano that has served as a natural laboratory for many volcanologists worldwide. Its paroxysms are unique eruptive events caused by a complex magmatic system that, despite being one of the most studied volcanoes, there is still an open field to contribute to the understanding of magma dynamics and degassing. This data set is a compilation of grain-size and shape measurements of 14 tephra samples of Mt. Etna. The tephra samples correspond to some of the most explosive cycles and events of the volcano from 2011 to 2025. The measurements were obtained using CAMSIZER through the ILGE TNA grant funding at INGV sezione di Catania. This dataset is the basis for a research project investigating the controls on the volume of gases and magma emitted during an eruption of Mt. Etna. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Sedimentology Laboratory – INGV sezione di Catania supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Trace element concentration of minerals in the Morro São João malignites (Serra do Mar, Brazil)

The Morro São João intrusion is located in the easternmost part of the Serra do Mar province, along the Cabo Frio lineament (Fig. 1) and has an area of approximately 10 km². It is a Late Cretaceous intrusion formed by clinopyroxenites, melagabbros, shonkinites, malignites, nepheline syenites, and phonolite dikes, without olivine, and is thought to have formed by closed system crystallization of a fairly evolved tephritic melt of potassic/ultrapotassic affinity (cf. Brotzu et al., 2007). We have analyzed two malignites, and specifically, their liquidus phases (clinopyroxene, titanite, garnet, amphibole). Analyzing the trace elements in these minerals helps us to better understand the different fractionation of the elements in these coexisting phases, and the implications for the evolution processes that occurred in the Morro São João magma reservoir. These analyses also provided important information about the concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs), and their change with the magmatic evolution of the suite. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Rheology of PDMS Korasilon G20OH (#1000039264) used at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

This dataset provides rheometric data of the PDMS Korasilon G 20 OH used for analogue modelling at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany. The batch number is 1000039264, purchased in 2022 and opened in 2026. The material sample has been analyzed at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam (HelTec) using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a cone-plate configuration at room temperature (21˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed. According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi-Newtonian (n~1) at strain rates below 10^-2 s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. The viscosity of G 20 OH is 1.8*10^4 Pa s.

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