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This database expands the Poulton et al., 2018 (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.888182) database of pelagic calcium carbonate (CP) rate measurements from isotopic tracer uptake in incubated discrete water samples, as discussed in Daniels et al., 2018 (doi:10.5194/essd-10-1859-2018), and accompanies Marsh et al. (in prep.). The database now includes more CP (new data n = 400; complete database n = 3165), net primary production rate (PP) (new data n = 399; complete database n = 3150), total coccolithophore cell counts (new data n = 240; complete database n = 1512), and Emiliania huxleyi cell counts (new data n = 27; complete database n = 612). This expanded database maintains the record of data, including the principal investigator, expedition, OS region, doi reference (where available), collection date and year, sample ID, latitude, longitude, sampling and light depth, and method of measuring CP. We further expand the Poulton et al. (2018) data collection by including ancillary and environmental data, including: optical depth (OD, n = 3165), pHtotal (hereinafter referred to as pHT, n = 398), temperature (n = 1160), salinity (n = 1161), and the concentrations of chlorophyll a (n = 1363), NOx (NO3 or the sum of NO3 + NO2, n = 1161), silicic acid (Si(OH)4, n= 1156), phosphate (PO4, n = 1232), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, n = 318), total alkalinity (TA, n = 307), bicarbonate ion concentration (n = 349), and carbonate ion concentration (n = 352). All data was matched to CP, sample bottle identifiers (Niskin bottle numbers), and/or sampling depth values. This global database (81 °N - 64 °S, 132 °E - 174 °W) now covers expeditions and upper ocean measurements (0 - 193 m) from 1989 to 2024. Global in-situ geolocated data spanning time is valuable for modelling, satellite algorithms, and capturing calcium carbonate production in the global ocean. This expanded database, including the environmental, nutrient, chlorophyll a, and carbonate chemistry data, also allows for analysis of factors influencing calcium carbonate production on a global scale. This data amalgamation contributes to understanding the biogeochemistry of the oceans, global carbon cycle, and ocean acidification.
Over the whole water column, daily diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd in 1/m) values are based on in situ photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements performed in different depths (1.2, 2.9, 4.4, 6.6 m) during summer 2014. PAR for the algae collection depths is calculated based on daily Kd values. Daily net primary production (NPP in g C/m² seafloor/day) for each sampling depth is calculated with in situ vertical profiles based on daily Kd, leaf area index (Pehlke and Bartsch, 2008) and a photosynthetic quotient (PQ) of 1.18 (Miller III et al. 2009). For comparative purposes, daily NPP values were also calculated using the measured maximum and minimum daily Kd and the mean Kd, which were derived from all daily Kd over the entire sampling period.
The data were generated during an experiment simulating different frequencies of heatwaves (zero, one and three) in late spring/summer 2015. The experiment was carried out at the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm (KOB) of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, located at the Kiel Fjord. The biomass of filamentous algae was quantified from the most abundant genus occurring inside the tanks, i.e. Ceramium sp. The biomass of Zostera marina and Fucus vesiculosus was estimated from growth rates measurements carried out every 15 days. The biomass of all macrophytes was converted to carbon using specific carbon contents measured concomitantly with stable isotopes (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.966179). Respiration and primary production measurements were carried out on 09.08.2015 for filamentous algae, and on 12.08.2015 for Fucus vesiculosus. To execute these measurements, organisms were kept in gas-tight cylindrical chambers equipped with sensor spots for non-invasive oxygen measurements, which allowed continuous oxygen logging. Throughout the measurements, the chambers were kept inside the KOB tanks to maintain the temperature. The oxygen values were converted to carbon and normalized by the area of the tank (1.53 m2) per day. Note that the data of net primary production and respiration rates of the Z. marina were previously published (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904632). The carbon flux refers to the exports, i.e. biomass that was floating in the tanks, which was considered as carbon leaving (i.e. exported outside of) the system but still usable. The material to quantify the exports was collected every seven days, separated accounting for the contribution of each macrophyte group, dried at 80 °C until the biomass was constant and weighted. The dry weight was converted to carbon using the specific carbon contents measured concomitantly with stable isotopes (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.966179), and normalized by the area of the tank (1.53 m2) per day.
The data refer to an experiment simulating different frequencies of heatwaves (zero, one and three) in late spring/summer 2015. The experiment was carried out at the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm (KOB) of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, located at the Kiel Fjord. The organisms were collected from the mesocosm tanks, stored at -80 °C, dried at 60 °C for at least 48 hours, and ground with agate mortar and pestle. The ground material was subsampled, weighed and placed into tin capsules (3.2 × 4.0 mm, Hekatech, Wegberg, Germany). These samples were analysed with an elemental analyser system (NA 1110, Thermo, Milan, Italy) connected to a temperature-controlled gas chromatography oven (SRI 9300, SRI Instruments, Torrance, CA, USA) and to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (DeltaPlus Advantage, Thermo Fisher Scientific) as described in Hansen et al. (2009), https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4267.
The data were generated during an experiment simulating different frequencies of heatwaves (zero, one and three) in late spring/summer. The experiment was carried out at the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm (KOB) of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, located at the Kiel Fjord. The consumers were collected from the mesocosm tanks and the respiration rates were measured in the lab. The measurements were carried out on 10.08.2015 (Idotea balthica), 11.08.2015 (Littorina littorea) and 14.08.2015 (Gammarus sp.). The organisms were kept in gas-tight bottles equipped with sensor spots for non-invasive oxygen measurements, which allowed continuous oxygen logging. Throughout the measurements, the bottles were kept in water baths with temperature set to 19.7 °C, which was the temperature all the KOB tanks were exposed to at the time of the measurements. The oxygen values were converted to carbon and normalized by the area of the tank (1.53 m2) per day.
The impact of variable underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and photosynthetic parameters on photosynthetic oxygen production of Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was investigated throughout summer 2014. L. hyperborea was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) and discs from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) were set into photosynthesis versus irradiance (PI) curves. After cutting and before the oxygen incubation, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were measured as a health indicator. PI-curve parameters were normalized to either fresh mass or disc area. Additionally, chlorophyll a content was measured in each disc and normalized to the same two parameters as PI parameters. In situ PAR was measured in different depths (1.2, 2.9, 4.4, 6.6 m) to gain daily diffuse vertical attenuation coefficient (Kd). PAR along the vertical depth profile was calculated and together with PI-curve parameters oxygen production was calculated along the vertical depth profile. Leaf area index (Pehlke and Bartsch, 2008) was used to extrapolate oxygen production rates to seafloor and a photosynthetic quotient (PQ) of 1.18 (Miller III et al., 2009) to convert rates into carbon fixation rates. This net primary production (NPP) was given along the vertical depth profile based on different Kd values (daily Kd, mean Kd, minimum Kd, maximum Kd).
In-situ photosynetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in different depths (1.2, 2.9, 4.4, 6.6 m) every 10-15 min during summer 2014. Odyssey PAR loggers were calibrated against a cosine-corrected planar PAR sensor (LI-190SA quantum sensor, LI-COR Inc., USA) over a 24 h period at 4 m depth in the Helgolandic South harbor. During the Laminaria hyperborea sampling period (seven weeks), incoming PAR was recorded continuously every 15 min at 1.2 and 2.9 m, and every 30 min at 4.4 and 6.6 m near the sampling area of sporophytes. To avoid biofouling of the sensor heads, PAR loggers were cleaned every week (1.2 m) or every second week (all other depths) by SCUBA divers.
Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) throughout summer 2014. Stipe length of the sporophyte was measured. In blade discs from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) dry mass, fresh mass and dry mass:area ratio were measured.
Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) throughout summer 2014. Discs were cut from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) and set into photosynthesis versus irradiance (PI) curves. Incident light was generated by a slide projector (Liesegang Dianfant, Leitz Prado, Germany) equipped with a halogen lamp (Osram Xenophot 400 W/36 V, Germany) and 11 Schott neutral gray filters. Eleven light steps were conducted between 0 and 560 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Dark respiration was measured first for 20 mins followed by increasing light steps in 10 min intervals. Oxygen concentration expressed in % air saturation was logged by the OxyView software (Presens, Regensburg, Germany) and corrected for air pressure, salinity and logged temperature according to Tengberg et al. (2006). During post-processing, the oxygen production rate for each photon flux density (PFD) level was calculated by plotting a linear regression model through all O2-values measured during the time interval, and was normalized to either fresh mass (FM, unit: µmol O2 g–1 h–1) or disc surface area (DA, unit: µmol O2 cm–2 h–1).
Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) throughout summer 2014. Discs were cut from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) and set into photosynthesis versus irradiance (PI) curves. PI curves were fitted by minimizing the sum of differences between the measured oxygen flux and the model proposed by Jassby and Platt (1976). Parameters were normalized to fresh mass and area.
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