This data set includes the results of digital image correlation (DIC) of two experiments on gravitational tectonics at passive margins performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of EPOS transnational access activities in 2018. The experiments aim at documenting the difference in structural evolution between two tilting scenarios: Instant versus progressive, or fast versus slow. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results can be found in Ge et al. (2019, Geology) to which this data set is supplement. The DIC analysis yields quantitative deformation information of the experiment surfaces by means of 3D surface displacements from which strain has been calculated. The data presented here are visualized as surface uplift and strain maps, strain evolution maps and surface velocity time-series. Python scripts for visualization of data are appended. Parts of this data (see list of files) are derived from Ge et al. (2019, http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2019.001).
This dataset compiles quantitative outputs from eight sandbox experiments conducted under different boundary conditions (differential extension, strong blocks, and a weak zone). It contains 3-D scanning–derived digital elevation models (DEMs) from the final stage of experiments simulating the V-shaped opening of the South China Sea. In addition, it includes particle image velocimetry (PIV) products at four extension states (25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm), together with the plotting codes used to generate the figures.
In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project
Greece is Europe’s most seismically active nation, as it is being deformed by an active subduction system and one of the world’s fastest-spreading rifts. Onshore active faults pose seismic hazard that cannot be reliably assessed in the absence of a comprehensive map of potential earthquake sources. Here, we use high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), in conjunction with hillshades and slope models, to map and characterise faults in Greece at a scale of 1:25000. The Active Faults Greece (AFG) database records a total of 3815 fault-traces assigned to 892 interpreted faults. Of the AFG traces, 53% were mapped here for the first time, with their geometries and slip-sense constrained by displacement of landscape features. AFG includes >2000 active and 1632 probably active fault-traces, while 30 traces result from historic surface-rupturing earthquakes since 464 BC. About 57% of faults exhibit strong depositional control (DC) on sedimentation patterns, with active faults being characterised by approximately equal numbers of sharp (32%), moderate (29%) and rounded (29%) scarps. AFG is the first fault database in Greece generated using nationwide interpretation of geomorphology and has applications in paleoseismology, seismic-hazard assessment, mineral-resources exploration, and resilience planning. Data Access: - Download archive version via GFZ Data Services (upper left) - Web-Map Server: https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/a6c85b1edf9d4d17a3f01a70cef6d2b2 - GIS Users: https://services2.arcgis.com/T7iULq65Kp9Elquk/arcgis/rest/services/Active_Faults_Greece/FeatureServer - Layerfiles for use in ArcGIS Pro and QGIS: https://noaig.maps.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/content/items/4b93c25b931744dabc4851abf9c8ae38/data
The data set includes the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) results for four experiments of releasing bends along dextral strike-slip faults that were performed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). Gabriel et al. (in prep.) used the DIC data sets to investigate how releasing bend fault systems evolve within different strength wet kaolin. Information on the experimental set up and methods can be found in the main text and supplement to Gabriel et al. (in prep.). The data here include the incremental displacement time series, strain animation and surface elevation data at the end of the two experiments with different clay strength, which are presented within Gabriel et al. (in prep). We also include in this data repository incremental displacement time series and strain animations from two experiments that repeat the conditions of the experiments featured in Gabriel et al. (2025).
This data set includes the results of digital image correlation analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1) on the effect of weakness during distributed crustal extension performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Ten generic analogue models made of a layer of Quartz sand (G12, Rosenau et al., 2018) including a weak silicone oil “seed” (PDMS G30M, Rudolf et al., 2016) to localize deformation have been extended on top of a basal foam block. A benchmark experiment (basal foam only) and a reference model (layer of sand without seed) are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Osagiede et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplement. The models have been monitored by means of digital image correlation (DIC) analysis (Adam et al., 2005). DIC analysis yields quantitative information about model surface deformation in 2D and 3D. The data presented here are visualized as finite strain and displacement maps as well as cumulative strain and displacement profiles.
This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).
This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution of 29 analogue models on crustal extension, as well as 4D CT imagery (figures and videos) of two of these experiments. The experiments examined the influence of the method for driving extension (orthogonal or rotational) on the interaction between rift segments using a brittle-viscous set-up. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (UB). Brittle and viscous layers are both 4 cm thick, extension velocities are 8 mm/h so that a model duration of 5 h yields a total extension of 40 mm (e = ca. 13%, given an initial model width of ca. 30 mm). Next to the mode of extension (orthogonal or rotational), we also test the effect of the degree of onderlap (angle φ). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2020).
This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).
This data set includes images and videos depicting the evolution of deformation and topography of 17 analogue experiments c passive margin development, to better understand the ongoing tectonics along the western margin of Afar, East Africa. The tectonic background that forms the basis for the experimental design is found in Zwaan et al. 2019 and 2020a-b, and references therein. The experiments, in an enhanced gravity field in a large-capacity centrifuge, examined the influence of brittle layer thickness, strength contrast, syn-rift sedimentation and oblique extension on a brittle-viscous system with a strong and weak viscous domain. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of of the Istituto di Geoscience e Georisorse - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IGG) and of the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (CNR/UF). The brittle layer (sand) thickness ranged between 6 and 20 mm, the underlying viscous layer, split in a competent and weak domain (both viscous mixtures), was always 10 mm thick. Asymmetric extension was applied by removing a 1.5 mm thick spacer at the side of the model at every time step, allowing the analogue materials to spread when enhanced gravity was applied during a centrifuge run. Differential stretching of the viscous material creates flexure and faulting in the overlying brittle layer. Total extension amounted to 10.5 mm over 7 intervals for Series 1 models that aimed at understanding generic passive margin development in a generic orthogonal extension setting, whereas up to 16.5 mm of extension was applied for the additional Series 2 models aiming at reproducing the tectonic phases in Afar. In models involving sedimentation, sand was filled in at time steps 2, 4 and 6 (i.e. after 3, 6 and 9 mm of extension). Detailed descriptions of the experiments, monitoring techniques and tectonic interpretation of the model results are presented in Zwaan et al. (2020c) to which these data are supplementary.
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