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Objective: In a deregulated EU rail market monitoring of the vehicle and infrastructure interface is mandatory for enhanced availability of operation reducing costs. Especially when a rolling stock is crossing boundaries between independent infrastructure grids, cond ition monitoring becomes crucial. A monitoring tool on OCLs overhead contact lines - for infrastructure managers is needed for an separate measurement of contact force and surface condition of the vehicle current strip. The rolling stock operator needs a complementary device to measure not only the vertical contact force, but moreover the friction force, in order to analyse the vehicle and OCL interface condition. In SMITS a monitoring system for contact force on the interface current collector lt;- gt; c ontact wire has been developed. A sensor technology has been started to explore showing the potential for an extended range of rail monitoring tools. An innovative coherent sensor technology approach shall be investigated and two independent monitoring too ls for vehicle and infrastructure be developed. These shall be validated at new rail tracks specified for TSI interoperable cross boundary transportation: the Ltschberg Basis Tunnel, CH and the HSL Zuid high speed line, NL, both ready for operation in 2007 . Demonstration tests in operation will be performed along the Korridor X infrastructure passing through different countries rail networks. The outcome of the project will enable managers to specify driving conditions for the usage of their infrastructure to avoid excessive wear improving availability. Complementary rolling stock operators can monitor OCL condition giving them an informative argument in case of damage. Condition-dependent user fees as well as threat of penalty will force vehicle and infrast ructure managers to maintain the vehicle and infrastructure interface on a superior level of availability. The operational costs will be reduced and availability of transportation capacity enhanced.
The scope of sewage treatment is changing: Up to date municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) were seen as an end-of-pipe treatment just before discharge, having the aim to avoid eutrophication and hygienic health hazard in surface water. Due to the global demographic trends as well as new legislations (e.g. the Water Framework Directive, WFD) increased focus is put on quantity and quality of effluents: WWTP are more and more seen as interface between sanitation and environment, delivering resources to the environment or human activities (recharge of drinking water reservoirs, recycling of nutrient, efficient energy use). This focus shift has implications on the quality goals set for WWTP products: land requirement, effluent N, P load, effluent pathogen load, energy optimization. New focus: nutrient recycling, micropollutants: ecotoxicology of the effluent energy production. NEPTUNE is focusing on technology solutions allowing to meet present and future standards via upgrading of existing infrastructure (new control strategies with online sensors; effluent upgrading with oxidation, activated carbon or wetland treatment; sludge processing for safe nutrient recycle) as well as via new techniques (fuel cell applications; new oxidative agents; polymer production from sludge). By including pathogen and ecotoxicity aspects into life cycle assessment studies (LCA), the project is helping improve the comparability of various technical options and propose a suitability ranking. The new focus given by the WFD and the emerging interest on organic (eco-)toxic compounds requires characterizing treated effluent and treatment technologies concerning ecotoxicologic aspects and micropollutants. The project is contributing to this discussion by ecotoxicity assessment and micropollutant fate studies.
The main objective of the project is to investigate, assess and enhance the potentiality of promising technological options (i.e., technologies, processes and concepts) for the treatment of industrial wastewater with the specific aim to provide tailor-mad e solutions to end-users for a wide range of wastewaters. Such solutions will be essentially based on the optimised integration of the investigated options and on technological improvements with respect to treatment system components, operation and control. Referring to the investigated options and the envisaged technological solutions, the project's goals are: -Investigating and enhancing the performances of promising wastewater treatment options such as aerobic granulation, integrated advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and membrane-based hybrid processes -Achieving fundamental and technological knowledge advancements necessary for advanced wastewater treatment application in different industrial sectors -Assessing the economic and environmental sustainability of promising wastewater treatment options -Developing integrated tailor-made solutions for end-users in different industrial sectors -Transferring the developed know-how to potential end-users inside and outside the project -Favouring their actual implementation for enhancing the EU Water Industry competitiveness. In order to achieve such goals, coordinated research activities will be carried out on selected options treating different wastewater. The experiences from such activities will be merged to define tailor-made solutions for end-users in different industrial sectors. A major goal will be the definition of treatment needs and framework conditions for a wide range of wastewaters based on the specific features of the options investigate d (i.e., aerobic granulation, AOP combined processes, membrane contactors, membrane chemical reactors). Prime Contractor: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Department of Bari, Water Research Institute, Roma, Italien.
Objective: ENCOMAR-TRANSPORT aims to improve co-operation between the new member states, applicant countries as well as Russia, Ukraine and Turkey in the maritime fields. ENCOMAR-TRANSPORT has two general strategic objectives:- to support the integration of the new member states, applicant countries, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey into the European Maritime Research Area, thus supporting EU policies and the formation of ERA- to support the goals defined in the maritime part of the Sustainable Surface Priority of the 6 th Framework Programme. To support integration, ENCOMAR-TRANSPORT will help to jointly use R&D potentials and resources.ENCOMAR-TRANSPORT will promote a culture of innovation and fertilize participation of SMEs in European research. Technically, enhan ced exchange of information, technology transfer and research cooperation initiated by the project will help to meet demands of European transport policy and to the objectives of the sustainable surface transportpriority. Particular focus will be on:- S hipbuilding and -repair, including ship equipment manufacturers and maritime service providers,- Waterborne (long-haul, short sea and inland waters) transport in Europe.- Maritime Transport safety will especially focus on transport of dangerous goods to a void environmental- hazards in European waters, the Baltic and Mediterranean and Black Sea.- Efficient transport of marine natural resources is in the focus as well. The following activities will be undertaken:- Creation of a Network of Maritime R&D N ational Contact Points.- Inform about potentials and activities of European research in the new member states and neighbours of the EU by workshops in those countries. Inform research community and industry about the potential of countries not yet integra ted in European research.
In order to reduce the costs for active solar collectors, a new collector type is proposed, that consists of elastomer fluid tubes clipped in into appropriately shaped metal form sheet elements for the application in metal roofs and facades. This collector, based on the elastomer- metal- absorber concept (EMA), shows inherent freeze resistance while operated with pure water and opens up new simplified installation techniques. The collector, which is completely building integrated, may be designed as uncovered absorber, delivering low temperature heat, or as covered solar collector for a heat production up to 80 Celsius. The aim of the project is to develop and investigate different roof integrated EMA-collectors in order to make this new type of collector available for a wide range of new applications. The aspects of low collector costs, high performance and long-term reliability are the most important boundary conditions. Technical Approach: The main R and D tasks within this project, which is a cooperation between industrial partners and research institutions, are: - improvement of the elastomer material with special regard to heat conductivity, mechanical strength and durability; - production and qualification of appropriate elastomer tubes - development of absorber form plate constructions of aluminium and steel with focus on production and installation parameters, thermal performance and reliability; - construction and assessment of different test collectors (2 m), determination of thermal performance characteristics, quality properties and long-term reliability; - construction of collector loops for different solar system types, assessment of collectors in different test systems (20 m), comparison and extrapolation using computer simulations. Expected Achievements: The major advantages of the proposed collector concept are: - estimated cost reduction for EMA- solar collectors of about 60 per cent, using the metal form plate function as absorber (its original function as building envelope is not affected); - drastic drop in energy pay-back-time, improved recycling properties - solar market expansion by the engagement of metal fabrication and installing companies and new solar applications in metal facades resp. roofs - acceptance increase by complete building integration with improved architectural design; - a clear decrease of CO2 - emissions and a positive influence on the regional labour market. At the end of this project, the following items should be available - technical solutions for appropriate and proved elastomer tubes and metal form plates: - different collector and system constructions; - installation and security relevant solutions. The facade and roof integrated solar collectors on the basis of the EMA-principle may then be used in different demonstration projects, as first step for the market introduction.
Ketzin ist eine Stadt westlich von Berlin im Land Brandenburg. In ihrer Nähe wurde seit 1960 Erdgas aus Sibirien in unterirdischen Sandsteinschichten zwischengelagert. Diese Erdgasspeicherung wurde vor kurzem eingestellt. Hier soll ein Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt eingerichtet werden, bei dem das Treibhausgas Kohlendioxid (CO2 ) im Untergrund gelagert werden soll. Das Projekt wird vom GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam koordiniert und von der Europäischen Union mit 8.7 Millionen Euro gefördert. Das Projekt soll helfen, das wissenschaftliche Verständnis der geologischen Speicherung von CO2 weiter zu entwickeln und die im Untergrund ablaufenden Prozesse der CO2 Injektion praktisch zu erforschen. Zunächst werden geologisch-geophysikalisch-geochemische Voruntersuchungen des Standortes und des vorgesehenen Speicherhorizontes sowie eine umfassende Risikoabschätzung vorgenommen um sicherzustellen, dass die Speicherung auch gefahrlos durchgeführt werden kann. Die erforderlichen Bewilligungen des zuständigen Bergamtes, der örtlichen Gemeinde und das Einverständnis der betroffenen Anwohner müssen dazu eingeholt werden. Die künftige Nutzung des Geländes ist Teil eines behördlich bereits genehmigten Bebauungsplans, der auch andere Vorhaben zur Nutzung regenerativer Energie aus Wind, Sonne und Biomasse einschließt. Das CO2 SINK Projekt erlaubt die Weiterverwendung vorhandener Gasspeicher-Infrastrukturen. Geplant ist die unterirdische Injektion von jährlich mehreren 10,000 Tonnen an reinem CO2 für zunächst zwei bis drei Jahre. Das CO2 soll dabei vorwiegend aus regenerativen Biomasse-Energierohstoffen gewonnen werden. Dieses ermöglicht im Prinzip, CO2 aus der Atmosphäre zu entziehen und damit die Treibhausgaskonzentration zu verringern. Unterirdische Erdgasspeicher und geologische Speicher für CO2 in salinen Grundwasserleitern (Aquifere) haben zwei gemeinsame Merkmale: Sie bestehen aus Gestein mit großem Porenraum wie z.B. Sandstein, das von abdichtenden Tonschichten überdeckt ist. Im Untergrundspeicher Ketzin wurde das Erdgas in einer Sandsteinschicht zwischen 250 und 400 Meter Tiefe unter der Erde gelagert. Aus Erkundungsbohrungen und seismischen Messungen weiß man, dass es dort aber noch mindestens eine weitere gut geeignete Speicherschicht in größerer Tiefe gibt. Diese ist rund 80 Meter mächtig und liegt auf einer geologischen Kuppe, die sich bis ungefähr 600 Meter unter der Erdoberfläche aufwölbt. Die Sandsteinschicht fällt nach allen Seiten auf etwa 700 Meter ab und ist von abdichtenden Gips- und Tonschichten überlagert. Um den Untergrund und die bei der CO2 Speicherung darin ablaufenden Prozesse verstehen zu können, ist im Projekt CO2SINK eine umfassende Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen geplant. Usw.
The proposed IP would drive forward the research and development of solid storage of hydrogen for vehicle propulsion and associated distribution functions. The proposed work programme will cover porous storage systems (particularly at reduced temperatures) , regenerative hydrogen stores (such as the borohydrides) and solid hydrides having reversible hydrogen storage and improved gravimetric storage performance. Initially, two categories of reversible stores will be investigated - light/complex hydrides, such as imides and intermetallic systems involving magnesium, although further categories may be included later. In all cases, the performance of different possible systems will be compared by a standards laboratory (working in collaboration with the US DoE standardisation activity). Further, et forts will be made to understand the mechanisms involved by innovative modelling activities. The organisation of the IP will include the development of a Virtual Laboratory concept, the exchange of specialised staff between participating laboratories and appropriate training activities. When promising new materials are identified, industrial collaborators will be brought in to upscale the material production, develop appropriate demonstration storage tanks and test out the prototype stores in practical conditions. Prime Contractor: National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Environmental Research Laboratory - INTRP; Aghia Paraskevi; Griechenland/Hellas.
The share of renewable energy sources in the European energy balance can be increased by a meaningful contribution of geothermal energy. Since the mining cost (exploration and drilling) to access the resources represents over 60 percent of the total investment, a reduction in mining cost would increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy significantly. This goal can be achieved if we had a way to detect the presence of the fluids inside the natural and/or enhanced geothermal systems before any drilling operation. The project I-GET is aimed at developing an innovative geothermal exploration approach based on advanced geophysical methods. The objective is to improve the detection, prior to drilling, of fluid bearing zones in naturally and/or artificially fractured geothermal reservoirs. This new approach will be tested in four European geothermal systems with different geological and thermodynamic reservoir characteristics: two high enthalpy (metamorphic and volcanic rocks), one middle enthalpy geothermal system (deep sedimentary rocks), and one low enthalpy geothermal system (shallow sedimentary rocks). Petrophysical and geomechanical properties of the investigated rocks will be defined by laboratory measurements. With respect to the high enthalpy sites elastic and electric rock properties will be determined at the steam/liquid transition of the pore fillings. The validity of the laboratory and simulation results will be verified by new field experiments. Seismic and magnetotelluric data will be acquired in the test sites, and new acquisition and processing techniques will be developed to solve problems related to the particular target such as high temperatures, anisotropy, phase condition, etc.. The static and dynamic three-dimensional model of geothermal reservoirs will be reconstructed by means of all the data acquired. The input of the results of new geophysical prospecting into reservoir modelling is a crucial test of the quality of the new exploration method.
Objective: The goal of this project is to develop mobile air conditioning systems with a reduced impact on the environment, both direct and indirect.Two new technologies will be explored:Metal Hydride, either powered by waste heat or by electric energySorption Cooling, powered by waste heatNeither of these technologies uses HCFCs, and so they do not have a direct impact on GWP. The key point is to develop systems that will have also lower indirect impact with respect to state of the art of mobile air conditioning systems. Both technologies has the potential for pre-cooling and pre-warming of the vehicle cabin. In addition to that, the advantages arising from the integration of a near zero Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) based on a Rankine cycle and able to provide electric power and heat (that can be modulated independently) will be evaluated so to study innovative architecture for the energy management of the overall vehicle.Two applications will be considered: Passenger carsLight and heavy trucksThe objective is to set up at least two prototypes: a truck and a car. Benefits for the environment will be quantified by means of calculations and tests in a climatic chamber and on the road. A methodology to evaluate at the same time thermal comfort and the associated energy performance will be developed.
General Information/Project Objectives: The main objectives of the project are: - To design acoustically optimized airfoils for wind turbines using all noise reducing concepts which were found to be successful (trailing-edge serrations, new airfoil shapes). - To design acoustically optimized blades and to test them in a large wind tunnel in order to include rotation and/or unsteady flow. - To improve the understanding of 'excess noise' and to develop guidelines to prevent it. - To quantify the impact of noise reducing concepts on the power output of a large wind turbine. It is expected that a rotor which is equipped with acoustically optimized blades yields a reduction in sound power level of 3-6 dB compared to a conventional state-of-the-art rotor. Technical Approach: The technical approach consists basically of two steps: (1) the design of acoustically optimized airfoils, and (2) the testing of these airfoils on a model rotor in the wind tunnel. The aerodynamic design will be accomplished using standard tools like the Eppler code or XFOIL. The acoustic evaluation will be performed by employing prediction models for the two important noise mechanisms, namely trailing-edge noise and inflow-turbulence noise. These prediction models are sensitive enough to capture the influence of the exact airfoil shape on the noise production. Since trailing-edge serrations have been proven to be an efficient means for reducing trailing-edge noise, they will be integrated in the design. The airfoils will be tested aerodynamically and acoustically in two wind tunnels at the University of Stuttgart and the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, respectively. In a second step the airfoils will be used to design two acoustically optimized rotor blades. One blade will include trailing-edge serrations. A third blade will be designed as a reference blade based on standard airfoils like the NACA-63xx or -64xx series. The blades will be tested in a two-bladed configuration in the German-Dutch Windtunnel (DNW). Noise measurements will be performed using an inflow microphone array. Additional experiments will be undertaken in order to understand the phenomenon of 'excess noise'. As a final step, the industrial partner Rotorline will carry out a design study for a new 1 MW rotor which is based on the new airfoils. Here, the aerodynamic characteristics which were measured in the wind tunnel will be used. This study will allow to assess the impact of noise reducing concepts (serrations, new airfoil shapes) on the power output of a wind turbine. Expected Achievements: The expected achievements are: - A new airfoil family which incorporates all the state-of-the-art noise reducing concepts (serrations, new airfoil shapes) with 'best-as-possible' aerodynamic features. - A validated methodology to design 'silent' airfoils while taking the aerodynamic performance into account. - An improved understanding of the generation, modelling, and reduction of aerodynamic noise in case of rotatio
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