Das Projekt "Entwicklung verbesserter Anlagen fuer die Vergasung fester Brennstoffe fuer kostenguenstige Stromerzeugung mit geringen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Schumacher Umwelt- und Trenntechnik durchgeführt. General Information/Objectives: The aims of the project are: - To establish component development and design criteria for coal/biomass/waste systems. - To support the component development programme through studies of the associated environmental issues. - To establish the techno-economic optimum configurations for IGCC plants for a range of coal/biomass/waste mixtures, leading to a strategic evaluation with competing clean coal technologies. Technical Approach: An engineering evaluation of multi-fuel feeding systems will be undertaken by Carbona. There will be test work on various industrial scale test units to evaluate the operational stability and performance of fluidized bed gasifiers for various co-feedstocks (Carbona, VTT, TU Delft). The impact of such operations on gas quality, particularly pollutants and contaminants, and the effect on downstream components will also be investigated (VTT, CTDD, Schumacher). The subsequent impact of such fuel gas on gas turbine combustor performance will be evaluated, with emphasis on design issues and materials selection (Nuovo Pignone). The supporting and environmental studies will include laboratory scale investigations of synergetic effects in co-gasification, the minimization of NOx precursor formation and trace elements characterization (TPS, KTH, Imperial College, CRE Group). These practical studies will be underpinned by a determination of the techno-economic optimum configuration of IGCC plant for various coal/biomass/waste mixtures (Univ. Ulster). This will be followed by a strategic evaluation of competing clean coal technologies drawing on data from a range of projects within this and earlier phases of the JOULE programme (University Ulster). Expected Achievements and Exploitation: The outputs of the project are: - Techno-engineering optimization of coal/biomass/waste feeding systems. - Process design data and operational specifications for various coal/biomass/waste mixtures. - Preliminary risk assessment on downstream component degradation. - Preliminary design of the gas turbine combustor gas arising from co feedstock utilization. - Techno-economic assessment of IGCC systems. - Comparative assessment on a common basis of the competitiveness of IGCC with alternative clean coal technologies. The programme will aid industrial partners to support their technology demonstration and exploitation plans and to build up the various technology data bases. There will also be the opportunity for establishing technology transfer initiatives, including training and information exchange. Prime Contractor: CRE Goup Ltd., Environmental and Industry Group; Cheltenham/UK.
Das Projekt "Optimierung der Landnutzung bezueglich des Grundwasserschutzes in bergigen Gebieten mit Hartgestein" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität München, Institut für Allgemeine und Angewandte Geologie durchgeführt. Objective/Problems to be solved: The objective of the project is to assess the degree of interference of anthropogenic activities with the hydrosphere in mountain regions. For this purpose, six regions have been selected. Analyses of various factors of agricultural, industrial activities affecting the hydrosphere will permit to assess the efficiency of imposed measures to protect the hydrosphere. The investigation will be carried out on two scales: detailed and regional. This study will also consider the results of monitoring and earlier data filed in archives, which would allow to reconstruct the evolution of hydrosphere in studied regions during the last 40 years. The modelling will allow to simulate various alternatives in term of landscape-use leading to an optimum one from the viewpoint of water management. Scientific objectives and approach: Results of this work must permit to predict the influences on water (in quantity and in quality) of various landscape-use scenario, in order to give a preference for the choices in land-planning , compatible with a sustainable development. Our project will focus on the following topics: -to identify and solve the correlation between individual factors which influence the quality and volume of water resources in mountain areas. - suggestions for optimum local development from the viewpoint of groundwater protection. Partial output of this work will be the assessment of efficiency of implementation of E.U. and national directives on groundwater protection. - The ultimate objective of the LOWRGREP project is the creation of the ECEMEWAM system (European Centre for Mutual Exchange of Experience in Water management in Mountain Regions) which will lead to a set up of project's own WWW pages. This will provide all data on optimum exploitation from the view-point of groundwater protection (general information) and data from yet studied areas to any client interested in the problem. In the case of some very specific issue, the client will be offered to contact an appropriate specialist. The first stage involves collection of all environmental data, their transfer into electronic form and their preliminary processing using a Geographical Information System. The second stage consists in monitoring catchments with two different scales (local and regional).A model will be built up in order to describe the water balance and the trends in water quality under various conditions. The final stage is the design of a software, HYDRODESUSMA: Hydrogeological Decision Support System in Mountain Areas; this software is aimed at the presentation and analysis of all the obtained data and knowledge in user-friendly form that can be easily interpreted by potential users... Prime Contractor: Association pour la recherche et le developpement des methodes et processus industriels, laboratoire geotechnique, exploitation, ressources, mineralogie; Ales/France.
Das Projekt "Entwicklung eines Waermewandlers, der bei 130 Grad C Betriebsdampf erzeugt" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von MAN durchgeführt. General Information: Different possibilities have been studied to produce heat at 125 - 145 degrees c for a paper dryer from its waste heat at 80 - 90 degrees c. A comparison of the possible systems was made regarding technical feasibility, energy saving potential and costs. The two-staged absorption heat pump with libr/h2o was found to be able to work under the specific operating conditions of the reference paper machine. A 100 kw heat pump of this type was built and tested on a test rig. As a result of these tests the following modifications are being brought about: - installation of a pump to control the solution and avoid crystallization of libr - continuous measurement of the libr concentration - design of a new libr solution distribution system - replacement of the solution heat exchanger by a new apparatus with low losses.
Das Projekt "Energy in Minds" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH - Steinbeis Innovationszentrum (SIZ) Energie-, Gebäude- und Solartechnik EGS durchgeführt. Das europaweite Förderprojekt hat zum Ziel, den Anteil fossiler Energieträger und den Ausstoß von CO2 in vier europäischen Städten innerhalb von 5 Jahren um 20 Prozent bis 30 Prozent zu senken. Teilnehmer sind Neckarsulm in Deutschland, die Energieregion Weiz-Gleisdorf in Österreich, Falkenberg in Schweden und Zlin in Tschechien. Neben diesen Städten nehmen Gornji Grad in Slowenien und die Region Turin in Italien als Beobachterstädte an dem Projekt teil. Alle Partner sind führend auf dem Gebiet regenerativer Energiesysteme und rationeller Energieverwendung. Maßnahmen: - Sensibilisierung der Bevölkerung für Energiefragen, - Energieagenturen werden eingerichtet bzw. ausgebaut, - ein jährlich stattfindender Energie-Tag' wird eingeführt, - Durchführung von Informationskampagnen, - Energiechecks und Gebäudesanierungen, - Realisierung von Sonnenkollektoren und Photovoltaikanlagen, - alte Heizungsanlagen privater Haushalte werden durch CO2-neutrale Holzpellet-Heizungen ersetzt, - biomassebetriebene Heizkraftwerke sollen die Effizienz bestehender Nahwärmeversorgung verbessern. Projekte der Partnerstädte: Im Rahmen des Projekts werden innovative Energietechnologien getestet, weiterentwickelt, ausgewertet und optimiert. Neckarsulm: Realisierung einer solarbetriebenen Klärschlamm-Trocknungsanlage, - Durchführung eines Feldversuches mit Holzpellet-Stirling Motoren. Weiz-Gleisdorf: Schaffung einer Infrastruktur zur Belieferung mit Pflanzenöl, - Fahrzeugtests mit dem Kraftstoff-Pflanzenöl. Falkenberg: Errichtung von Windturbinen, - Untersuchung passiver Kühlung mit der innovativen PCM-Technik. Zlin: Nutzung von Energie aus der Abfallverbrennung. Ein wichtiger Aspekt während der gesamten Projektdauer ist die Zusammenarbeit, der Erfahrungsaustausch, die Wissensverbreitung aller Partner inner- und außerhalb des Konsortiums. Energy in Minds.' - Visionen: Dieses Forschungsprojekt soll Initiativen anregen, unterstützend wirken, um das Energiebewußtsein der Bevölkerung positiv zu verändern und zu stärken. STZ-EGS ist Initiator und Koordinator der 18 Vertragspartner.
Das Projekt "Windenergie fuer die bebaute Umgebung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Baukonstruktion und Entwerfen Lehrstuhl 1 durchgeführt. General Information: Acceptability of wind turbines has met much opposition in recent years, partially because they are frequently seen as sharply contrasting intrusions into the natural landscape, since no other man-made structures are normally found around them. This proposal will address the acceptability issues by developing and integrating turbines into built environment in order to bring power generation closer to usage and also to contribute to the 'zero energy building' goal. It is also recognised that most built-up areas in Europe have low-to-moderate wind speed regime, partially because of the effect that increased surface roughness has on an atmospheric boundary layer profile. For these reasons wind applications in built-up areas have to fulfils several specific requirements which will be addressed in the proposal. The key objectives are: 1. to develop wind enhancement and integration techniques for low to moderate wind speed areas (2.5 to 5 m/s annual average) in order to increase the 'qualifying land mass area' for wind utilization in the AEU by improving the annual energy yield per installation. Particular attention would be given to wind concentration techniques using optimised building forms and purpose-made solid structures to create the 'accelerated wind environment'. 2. to develop turbine specification to cater for the above applications. Additionally these turbines would have to be closely controllable, with low noise emissions and be suitable for sensitive environmental integration in or around inhabited areas. All important environmental implications would be investigated. 3. to prove/demonstrate the above techniques on a scaled model in the field. 4. to assess and improve prospects for social, aesthetical and planning acceptability of such wind energy applications. There are specific requirements that wind turbines for inhabited areas must satisfy in response to specific problems related to this type of application. They are going to be specifically addressed in this project. 1. Physical Safety. Prevention of injury to humans, birds, etc. will be an important aspect of urban application. Safety could be compromised due to reasons like blade rotation, high winds and possible blade shedding due to material fatigue. 2. Noise. The noise levels at neighbouring properties would not normally be allowed to exceed the level of background noise or 45 dB(A), whichever is higher. For this reason, quiet turbines are needed. The mechanical gear would have to be placed in an acoustic enclosure. Special types of control may have to be implemented in order to control the rotational speed in accordance with the background noise level at reference points in the surroundings. 3. Vibration and Resonance. Special structural provisions at the interface between the turbines and surrounding structures may be needed to avoid these effects... Prime Contractor: BDSP Partnership, London.
Das Projekt "Standardization of Ice Forces on Offshore Structures Design (STANDICE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Dr. J. Schwarz durchgeführt. Objective: During the past six years two RTD-projects have been performed by a consortium of seven European partners to investigate ice forces on marine structures. The aim of this work has been to establish new methods for ice load predictions. The work has been supported by the EC under the projects LOLEIF and STRICE. The data compiled by these projects are of great importance for the future development of offshore wind energy converters, OWECS, in the ice-covered seas of Europe. Because the ice forces on marine structures are internationally heavily disputed the present design codes for OWECS as well as for all marine structures in ice-infested waters are not been considered reliable. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to contribute to the development of an international standard for the design of marine structures such as OWECS against ice loads with special emphasis on European sub-arctic ice conditions.
Das Projekt "Solar Steam Reforming of Methane Rich Gas for Synthesis Gas Production (SOLREF)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Technische Thermodynamik, Abteilung Systemanalyse und Technikbewertung durchgeführt. Project main goals: The main purpose of this project is to develop an innovative 400 kWth solar reformer for several applications such as Hydrogen production or electricity generation. Depending of the feed source for the reforming process CO2 emissions can be reduced significantly (up to 40 percent using NG), because the needed process heat for this highly endothermic reaction is provided by concentrated solar energy. A pre-design of a 1 MW prototype plant in Southern Italy and a conceptual layout of a commercial 50 MWth reforming plant complete this project. Key issues: The profitability decides if a new technology has a chance to come into the market. Therefore several modifications and improvements to the state-of-the-art solar reformer technology will be introduced before large scale and commercial system can be developed. These changes are primarily to the catalytic system, the reactor optimisation and operation procedures and the associated optics for concentrating the solar radiation. For the dissemination of solar reforming technology the regions targeted are in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. The potential markets and the impact of infrastructure and administrative restrictions will be assessed. The environmental, socio-economic and institutional impacts of solar reforming technology exploitation will be assessed with respect to sustainable development. The market potential of solar reforming technology in a liberalised European energy market will be evaluated. Detailed cost estimates for a 50 MWth commercial plant will be determined.
Das Projekt "Biomass Fuell Cell Utility System (BIOCELLUS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität München, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Fakultät für Maschinenwesen, Lehrstuhl für Energiesysteme durchgeführt. Objective: Energy from Biomass needs highly efficient small-scale energy systems in order to achieve cost effective solutions for decentralized generation especially in Mediterranean and Southern areas, and for applications without adequate heat consumer. Thus fuel cells are an attractive option for decentralized generation from biomass and agricultural residues but they have to meet at least two outstanding challenges: 1. Fuel cell materials and the gas cleaning technologies have to treat high dust loads of the fuel gas and pollutants like tars, alkalines and heavy metals. 2. The system integration has to allow efficiencies of at least 40-50 percent even within a power range of few tens or hundreds of kW. This proposal addresses in particular these two aims. Hence the first part of the project will focus on the investigation of the impact of these pollutants on degradation and performance characteristics of SOFC fuel cells in order to specify the requirements for appropriate gas cleaning system (WP 1-2). These tests will be performed at six existing gasification sites, which represent the most common and applicable gasification technologies. WP 3 will finally test and demonstrate the selected gas cleaning technologies in order to verify the specifications obtained from the gasification tests. The results will be used for the development, installation and testing of an innovative SOFC - Gasification concept, which will especially match the particular requirements of fuel cell systems for the conversion of biomass feedstock. The innovative concept comprises to heat an allothermal gasifier with the exhaust heat of the fuel cell by means of liquid metal heat pipes. Internal cooling of the stack and the recirculation of waste heat increases the system efficiency significantly. This so-called TopCycle concept promises electrical efficiencies of above 50 percent even for small-scale systems without any combined processes.
Das Projekt "Weltweit erstes Pilotprojekt fuer die Nutzung von Meeresstroemungen in kommerziellem Massstab" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kassel, Fachbereich 16 - Elektrotechnik,Informatik, Institut für Elektrische Energietechnik, Rationelle Energiewandlung durchgeführt. General Information/Objectives of the Project: The primary objective of the SEAFLOW project is to develop and demonstrate the world's first commercial scale, grid-connected marine current turbine. The axial flow, horizontal axis turbine, which is expected to have a rotor diameter of 15m will be mounted on a monopile set into a socket in the seabed in a water depth of 20 to 30m. The unit will have a rated power of about 300kW (depending on local site conditions) which will give essential experience for the introduction of slightly larger commercial systems at a later date. The top of the monopile is likely to be surface piercing (i.e. will remain above sea level). A central aim is to move towards developing engineering capabilities needed for delivering economically viable marine current turbine technology. Key technical requirements are to seek adequate reliability and durability combined with efficient performance, while keeping costs low. Technical Approach: The main thrust of the work involves two key activity streams: firstly the conceptualisation, detail design and manufacture of the turbine system itself and secondly site selection, survey and preparation (the site will be in UK coastal waters, and chosen to offer a peak current speed in the range 2 - 3m/s). Following from this there will be the installation and operational phase. The major components will be designed by the consortium partners. The system needs to be sufficiently robust to withstand the rigours of installation in a hostile sea environment. The installation process will be undertaken from a jack-up-platform which provides a stable base, even in adverse sea conditions. A socket will be drilled in the seabed to accommodate the mounting pile which will be manoeuvred using a crane and firmly grouted in position. The remaining components will be manipulated into position on the pile from the jack-up platform and close-quarter support vessels. Following installation and preliminary system testing the grid-connection will be established via an appropriate transformer, marine cable and land-line. There will then be a series of short daylight runs to establish the device is performing satisfactorily, prior to initiation of unattended service. Routine maintenance will be undertaken at regular periods; possible design enhancements/operational adjustment may also be required, depending on system reliability and performance. Expected Achievements: The entire project will last 36 months. On the basis of the proposed rotor diameter and anticipated flow characteristics, the peak power output of the device is expected to be in the order of 300kW. The energy output of the device is expected to be of the order of 1000MWh/year... Prime Contractor: IT Power Ltd.; Basingstoke/UK.
Das Projekt "Nutzung der Abwaerme von Fahrzeugmotoren" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Mercedes-Benz Group AG durchgeführt. General Information: Between 60 per cent and 80 per cent of the applied fuel energy in heat engines is lost to the ambient environment as waste exhaust heat. Suitable equipment could turn some of that heat into useful mechanical energy, e.g. an exhaust gas turbine, a Stirling engine or a steam-driven system. Daimler-Benz AG carried out a feasibility study of the possible application of a diesel engine coupled with a rankine bottoming cycle. It is shown that a 38 t heavy-duty truck of 206 kw on a long haul (Rotterdam-Verona) can reduce its fuel consumption for the same output by 10.5 per cent (using the working fluid fluorinol-50). According to rough estimates this corresponds to approx. 90,000 t of diesel fuel per year on fuel savings in the federal republic of Germany (based on the figures for 1980). The payback time of this system is however too long under the present technical and economic conditions. The unrealistic limit case of the adiabatic diesel engine (no heat exchange between gas and wall) with bottoming cycle was also included in the calculations as the theoretical limit and the results indicated fuel savings of 25 per cent. If we consider a trend to higher energy prices, the insulated diesel engine (reduced heat exchange between gas and wall) operating at higher temperatures and efficiency together with a rankine bottoming cycle may have a chance in future even from an economic point of view.
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