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Ring-shear test data of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g., Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of quartz sand S80 are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.59, and µR = 0.69, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 0-80 Pa. The material shows no rate-dependency (<1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v). The tested bulk material consists of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 with grain size of ~0.63-355 µm (D50 = 175 µm. Bulk and grain densities are 1300 kg/m³ and 2650 kg/m³, respectively and the hardness is 7 on Moh’s scale. S80 is sold e.g., by the company SIBELCO (sibelco.com).

A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

Experimental data of analogue models addressing the influence of oblique convergence and inheritance on sliver tectonics

This dataset includes video sequences depicting the evolution in map view and lateral view of 7 analogue experiments studying mantle-scale subduction systems. The experiments are performed under a natural gravity field and are designed to understand the role of convergence obliquity on upper plate deformation and partitioning, with a particular emphasis on the role played by lithospheric inherited structures on the development of sliver tectonics. All experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Tectonic modelling of the University of Rennes 1 (France). The experimental set-up corresponds to a lithosphere and sub-lithospheric upper mantle system. The lithospheric plates are simulated with PDMS silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone) with different viscosities and densities, and the upper mantle with glucose syrup. In particular, for the overriding plate, we simulate the presence of a weaker volcanic arc that can eventually be decoupled from the forearc by a pre-existing discontinuity. The materials are placed into a Plexiglas tank, where the impermeable bottom of the tank represents the 660 km discontinuity. The subduction is initiated by manually forcing the slab into the mantle and it then evolves under the combined effects of internal buoyancy forces (slab pull) and external boundary forces. The subducting plate is pushed toward the trench at a constant velocity of 1.5 cm/min while the overriding plate is maintained fixed during the duration of the experiments. The evolution of the experiments is monitored by DSLR cameras (24 Mpx) taking pictures every 30 seconds at the top and on one side of the experiments. Pictures are then assembled into video-sequences. The scale bar, with black & white rectangles corresponds to 10 cm. The set of experiments consists of one reference model (MODEL-01) with orthogonal convergence, and six models with oblique convergence (Table 1). Among these models, three do not embed a pre-existing lithospheric discontinuity in the overriding plate (MODEL-02, MODEL-03, and MODEL-04) while the three other (MODEL-05, MODEL-06, and MODEL-07) have such a discontinuity. For the models with oblique convergence, we vary the angle between the convergence direction and the trench from 80° (MODEL-02 and MODEL-05) to 60° (MODEL-03 and MODEL-06) and 50° (MODEL-04 and MODEL-07). For details on the experimental set-up, and interpretation of the results, please refer to Suárez et al. (submitted to Tectonophysics) to which these data are supplementary material.

Ring-shear test data of wallnut shells used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing))

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests walnut shells used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the tested materials behave as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.90, µD = 0.63, and µR = 0.68, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 0-40 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of walnut shells with grain size of 180-380 µm (Table 1) and is sold under the name "Walnut Shells" with the product number YR-98547 by the company Yiran Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of foamglass used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests foamglass used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.55, µD = 0.52, and µR = 0.57, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 10-30 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of foamglass with grain size of 180-380 µm (Table 1) and is sold under the name "Floating Bead" with the product number PZ-002 by the company Tuyun Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of mica used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests black mica used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.59, µD = 0.56, and µR = 0.57, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 100-130 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of black mica (Biotite) with grain size of 380-830 µm and is sold under the name "Black Mica" with the product number YS-004 by the company Yunshi Building Materials Co., Ltd (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of colored quartz sand used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests colored quartz sand used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.59, and µR = 0.67, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 20-90 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of blue colored quartz sand with grain size of 180-380 µm and is sold under the name "Colored Sand" with the product number A1 by the company Xinran Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experi-ments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and vol-ume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of white mica used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests white mica (Muscovite) used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of white mica sand are µP = 0.60, µD = 0.56, and µR = 0.55, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 140-180 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of white mica (Muscovite) with grain sizes ranging from 45-600 µm with the following distribution: 45-106µm – 10-25%, 106-425µm – 65-85%, 425-600µm – <2.5%.

Material properties of analogue velocity-weakening material used for seismotectonic analogue modeling of strike-slip seismic cycle: the case of twice-broken rice

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on twice broken rice used in the GEC Laboratory in CY Cergy Paris University in stick-slip experiments. They were obtained by Sarah Visage as part of her doctoral training (funded by the ANR DISRUPT programme) during an invitation at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Like any granular material, the twice broken rice is characterized by several internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C, classicaly qualified as dynamic, static, and reactivation coefficients. In adition, since the rice exhibits a stick slip behaviour, the various shear - velocity or shear-displacement curves exhibit high frequency oscillations and we therefore define maximum, minimum, and mean values corresponding respectively to the curve peaks, curve troughs and smoothed curve.

Drained ring-shear test data of wet silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture “CM2” used for analogue modelling in the laboratory for experimental tectonics (LET) at RomaTre University, Rome, Italy

This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.

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