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Mt. Etna in Catania, Italy, is an active volcano that has served as a natural laboratory for many volcanologists worldwide. Its paroxysms are unique eruptive events caused by a complex magmatic system that, despite being one of the most studied volcanoes, there is still an open field to contribute to the understanding of magma dynamics and degassing. This data set is a compilation of grain-size and shape measurements of 14 tephra samples of Mt. Etna. The tephra samples correspond to some of the most explosive cycles and events of the volcano from 2011 to 2025. The measurements were obtained using CAMSIZER through the ILGE TNA grant funding at INGV sezione di Catania. This dataset is the basis for a research project investigating the controls on the volume of gases and magma emitted during an eruption of Mt. Etna. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Sedimentology Laboratory – INGV sezione di Catania supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
The dataset consists of microtremor recordings collected from multiple arrays in mid-September 2024 at San Felice sul Panaro, located in the Quaternary deposits of the Po Plain (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). Data collection was performed using seismic nodes and six-component seismic stations: five stations Reftek recorders provided by INGV - Sezione Roma 1 (Italy) and six Certimus seismic stations from Cerema, as part of a collaboration between the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and Cerema. Five concentric arrays, with radii of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 meters, were installed, each consisting of five stations. These arrays were active for a few days, centered around the SAN0 seismic station, which recorded the second shock of the Emilia Romagna seismic sequence in 2012. The Certimus seismic stations, co-located with nodes, were placed at the 400-meter radius and at the center, while INGV stations, also co-located with nodes, were installed on the 200-meter circle. Nodes alone were used for the remaining circles. Additionally, 46 single-station recordings were performed. The project proposal “SISFelice: Towards the Identification of the Physical Mechanisms Driving Nonlinear Soil Behavior Using Accelerometric Data: Site Characterization of San Felice” (PI: Julie Régnier) aims to study the impact of nonlinear soil behavior on site response during earthquakes. Within the framework of Joya El Hitti’s PhD, our research seeks to differentiate the physical mechanisms behind nonlinear soil behavior for more accurate earthquake predictions based on seismological observations. In this project, we plan to utilize earthquake recordings from the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake sequence at SAN0, San Felice sul Panaro, a site known for liquefaction. Despite nearby geotechnical tests, there remains a gap in characterizing the variability of site response and shear wave velocity profiles. Our project aims to address this by conducting single-station H/V measurements to assess spatial variability in site response and characterize the shear wave velocity profile down to bedrock. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at INGV – lab Effetti di SITO (ESITO) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005
The spectacular water outburst occurring semi-periodically when the ice-dam formed by the external front of the Perito Moreno glacier collapses, is one of the most attracting events in the UNESCO ‘Parque Nacional Los Glaciares’ of southern Patagonia. These occurrences have been documented since 1936. Instead, evidence of previous events has been only indirectly provided by dendrochronology analysis. Four sediments cores have been collected on coastal soil in 2017, analysed by X rays, HR photography and Magnetic Susceptibility. The radiographies of these cores allowed to identify lake floodings deposits due to glacier readvance over the coastal soil related to the collapse of the Perito Moreno ice-dam. In November 2018, 10 undisturbed sediment gravity cores were collected within a small inlet of Brazo Sur, that is, the southern arm of Lago Argentino, at water depths ranging from 10 to 6 m using a 4.5 cm diameter gravity corer ‘KC Kajak Sediment Sampler’ Model 13.030. The length of these cores varies from 45 to 65 cm. X rays, HR photography and magnetic susceptibility provide the first evidence of an abrupt change in the stratigraphic record found at variable depths of 14–18 cm from the top of the cores, marked by a hiatus spanning ca. 3200 years, separating planar-laminated sediments below from an alternation of erosional and depositional events above it, indicating recurring high-energy conditions generated by the emptying of the lake basin, as well as ash layers observed in the longest cores. Radio carbon data collected on three of these cores record ice-daming in the Little Ice age, at 324-266 cal yrs BP. These well-preserved stratigraphic records highlight the key role of glaciolacustine deposits in reconstructing the glacial dynamics and palaeoclimate evolution of a glaciated region.
Mirror-like Surfaces (MSs) are ultra-polished fault surfaces widespread in carbonate seismic terrains, but their formation process is still debated. We deformed gouge samples from exposed fault surfaces hosted in bituminous dolostone rocks in a rotary shear apparatus (SHIVA) at seismic slip rates (1 m/s). By changing the water availability (water-pressurised and room-humidity conditions) and the organic matter/dolomite content (> 35%, dark gouge DG; < 30% bright gouge BG) we investigated the mechanical behaviour leading to MSs formation in fault gouges. We run tests at 15 MPa effective normal stress, 2 MPa confinement and 1 MPa pore pressure for the water-pressurised experiments and a total displacement of 0.13 m. Mirror-like fault surfaces were obtained in all successful experiments; mirrors were more developed under room-humidity conditions. Bituminous dolostones under room-humidity conditions had a slip neutral behaviour with a low friction (0.3). Bituminous dolostones under water-pressurised conditions showed a slip weakening behaviour with an initial peak effective friction μp = 0.65, followed by a drop to effective friction μss DG than in BG (i.e., μss of 0.25 vs 0.28). Future work will focus on the microstructural analysis of the experimental products and the investigation of the slip behaviour of bituminous dolostones at sub-seismic slip rates for a complete study of the slip behaviour spectra. This publication results from work conducted under the national open access action at SHIVA (Slow to High Velocity Apparatus) - HP-HT laboratory of experimental Volcanology and Geophysics (INGV, Roma 1 section) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
We have performed experiments on a basalt from the Main Ethiopian Rift (Ethiopia) to assess its pre-eruptive conditions in the magma chamber. The files contain all the analyses performed on the starting material (basalt) and the run products, both for the glass and mineral phases. Several experiments were carried out at temperatures between 1080°C and 975°C, mostly at 2 kbar and under reduced conditions (IHPV). The age spectrum of the basalt used (40Ar/39Ar) is also presented. Details are provided in the associated data description file.
This data publication provides data from 39 experiments performed in 2021 to 2022 in the Gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the charging and discharging potential of decompressed soda-lime glass beads in varying enveloping gas composition and two different transporting gas species (argon and nitrogen). The experimental setup is a modified version of an apparatus first developed by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and further modified by Cimarelli et al. (2014), Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019), and Stern et al. (2019) to enable the detection and quantification of discharges caused by the interaction of the discharging particles. The latest modifications enable the setup to perform experiments under gas-tight conditions allowing to test different atmospheric composition and pressure and to sample the gas within the particle collector tank. The sample material was ejected from the autoclave into the particle collector tank that is insulated from the autoclave and works as a Faraday cage. Discharges going from the jet to the nozzle were recorded by a datalogger. Additionally, the ejection of the decompressed material was recorded by a high-speed camera. The gas composition in the collector tank was changed from air to CO2 and a mixture of CO2 and CO. The particle collector tank was conditioned in two different modes: purging three times the tank with the desired gas composition or three times of purging and applying a vacuum in between. Analysis of gas samples taken from the collector tank before conducting the experiments revealed that in both cases a complete removal of the air was not achieved, but significantly reduced by the evacuation-purging method. Two gases were used to pressurize the sample within the autoclave: Nitrogen and Argon. The experimental results were compared to previous experiments (Springsklee et al., 2022a; Springsklee et al., 2022b).
This dataset provides data from 36 rapid decompression experiments performed in the Fragmentation Lab at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Munich, Germany) supporting the publication Schmid, M, Kueppers U, Cigala V, Sesterhenn J and Dingwell DB (202x) “Release characteristics of overpressurised gas from complex vents: implications for volcanic hazards”. The experiments were aimed to constrain the influence of complex vent geometry on the instantaneous gas expansion in a shock-tube setup, mimicking impulsive volcanic explosions. They were performed at the following experimental conditions: 1) six vent geometries (conduit geometry always cylindrical), composed by 2 sets of inner geometry (cylindrical and 15° diverging) with inclined exit planes of 5, 15 or 30° slant angle, 2) constant temperature (25°C), 3) four starting overpressure scenarios (5, 8, 15, 25 MPa), and 4) two reservoir volumes (127.4 cm3, 31.9 cm3), achieved via variable conduit length, with Argon being used for the pressurization. During the experiments the setup is incrementally pressurized. When the desired experimental pressure in the reservoir is reached, rapid decompression is triggered (Kueppers et al., 2006; Cigala et al., 2017), producing a starting jet of expanding gas. Expansion-induced cooling leads to condensation of the Argon jet, allowing for optical analysis of gas expansion dynamics using highspeed videos. Gas dynamics (jet spreading and jet inclination) were analysed and correlated to experimental variables.
These data files contain short periods of electrical data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in 2019 and 2020 using a prototype version of the Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor consists of two antennas, the primary and secondary antenna, which detect slow variations in the electrostatic field resulting from charge neutralisation due to electrical discharges. The sensor recorded at three different locations: BTD1 (38.79551°N, 15.21518°E), BTD2 (38.80738°N, 15.21355°E) and BTD3 (38.79668°N, 15.21622°E). Electrical data of the following explosions is provided (each in a separate data file): - Three Strombolian explosions on 12 June 2019 at 12:46:53, 12:49:27 and 12:56:10 UTC, respectively. - A major explosion on 25 June 2019 at 23:03:08 UTC. - A major explosion on 19 July 2020 at 03:00:42 UTC. - A major explosion on 16 November 2020 at 09:17:45 UTC. - A paroxysmal event at 3 July 2019 at 14:45:43 UTC. Each filename indicates the location of the BTD, the starting date and time of the file in UTC, and a short description of the three data columns inside the file (unixtime, primary, secondary). The first column provides the Unix timestamp of each data point, which is the time in seconds since 01/01/1970. All time is provided in UTC. The second column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the primary antenna. The third column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the secondary antenna.
This data publication provides data from 13 experiments performed in 2022 in the Gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the charging and discharging potential of material collected from a mud volcano from the Salton Sea (GPS-Data 33°12'2.7"N 115°34'41.4"W). The sample material was used in decompression experiments. The material was pressurized with argon gas instead of methane to assure safety conditions while running the experiments in the laboratory. The experimental setup is a modified version first developed by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and further modified by Cimarelli et al. (2014); Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019); Stern et al. (2019) to enable the detection and quantification of discharges caused by the interaction of the discharging particles. The material was ejected from the autoclave into a Faraday cage, that is insulated from the autoclave and discharges going from the jet to the nozzle were recorded by a datalogger. Additionally, the eruption of the decompressed material was recorded by a high-speed camera. In the experiments, the influence of humidity and grain size distribution were tested. The influence of humidity was tested by using the material as wet as collected but also dried and milled and later exposed to varying but controlled humidity conditions. The grain size distribution was tested by mixing the dried and milled mud sample with 10, 50 and 90% of sea sand.
This data publication provides data from 96 experiments from 2020 to 2022 in the gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of grain size distribution, especially the influence of very fines [<10 µm] on the generation of experimental volcanic lightning (VL). The influence of grain size distribution was tested for three different materials. Experimental discharges during rapid decompression were evaluated by their number and their total magnitude. The three materials used in this study are a tholeiitic basalt (TB), industrial manufactured soda-lime glass beads (GB) and a phonolitic pumice from the lower Laacher See unit (LSB). The samples were sieved into several grain size fractions, and coarse and fines were mixed to test the influence of the added fines on the discharge behaviour. For the tholeiitic basalt, the coarse grain size fraction is 180-250 µm, for the glass beads 150-250 µm and for the phonolitic pumice, two coarse grain size fractions, 180-250 µm and 90-300 µm were tested. The experiments were carried out in a new experimental setup, a modification of the shock tube experiments first described by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and its further modifications (Cimarelli et al., 2014; Gaudin & Cimarelli, 2019; Stern et al., 2019). A mixture of coarse and fine sample material is placed into an autoclave and continuously set under pressure with argon gas up to the desired decompression pressure (⁓10 MPa). Then, rapid decompression is initialized, and the sample material is ejected from the autoclave through a nozzle into a gas-tight particle collector tank. The particle collector tank is insulated from the nozzle and the ground and serves as a Faraday cage (FC). All discharges going from the erupting gas-particle mixture, the jet, to the nozzle will be recorded by a datalogger. All the discharges measured during the first 5 ms of ejection were taken into the evaluation of the discharge behaviour. The raw signals of the experiments were evaluated by a processing code developed by Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019). Additionally, the jet behaviour was recorded by a high-speed camera: the gas-exit angle and the exit angle of the gas-particle mixture were determined. The background of the high-speed video was divided into a black side and a white side. The gas-exit angle and the exit angle gas-particle-mixture were determined as the mean of the deviation angle of a straight trajectory angle of both sides.
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