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The degree of urbanization provides urbanization level information at 100x100 meter grids for Germany. It is based on population numbers, building density and the share of building types. It is provided as a continuous percentage value representing the probability of the degree of urbanization, as well as five discrete values representing classes of the degree of urbanization: definitely ‘urban’, probably ‘urban’, area of uncertainty, probably ‘rural’, definitely ‘rural’.
Projekt zur Erhaltung, Erforschung und Entwicklung von Natur- und Kulturlandschaften durch wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und rechtlicher Sicherung aud nationaler oder internationaler Ebene.
The Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) is a time that is characterised by significant changes in the configuration of the main tectonic plates. The Variscan Orogeny led to the separation of shelves and subsequent provincialism of ammonoid communities. Therefore, a Subvariscan Realm (Northwestern and Central Europe) of can clearly be distinguished from a Prototethian Realm (South Europe, North Africa, South Urals). Faunal provinces in North America, however, are much less well investigated. Within the proposed project, a comparison of the assemblages present in the Ouchita Foreland Basin of the American Midcontinent (Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas) with the Antler Foreland Basin of the Western United States (California, Nevada, Utah) will be carried out. The ammonoid faunas of these two areas will be investigated in a global context. The goal of the project is the quantitative analysis of the biogeographic patterns and the timing of the mid-Carboniferous adaptive radiation of the ammonoids.
Der Vergleich rezenter und historischer geobotanischer Beschreibungen, Karten und Luftbilder belegen für den südlichen, nördlichen und polaren Ural einen deutlichen Anstieg der alpinen Baumgrenze. Der Anstieg sowohl der offenen als auch der geschlossenen Bestände beträgt ca. 60-80 Höhenmeter, entsprechend einer horizontalen Distanz von 500-900 m an den schwach geneigten Hängen. Der Anstieg des Waldgürtels kann zu Veränderungen der Kohlenstoffvorräte in weiten Gebieten führen. Dies hat Konsequenzen für die Bewertung terrestrischer Ökosysteme als mögliche Kohlenstoff-Senke, wie sie im Rahmen des Kyoto-Protokolls kontrovers diskutiert wird. Im Rahmen des Projektes wird die raumzeitliche Dynamik der oberen Baumgrenze und die Kohlenstoffspeicherung unter dem Einfluss regionalem und globalem klimatischen Wandels entlang von Höhengradienten an einem Transekt vom südlichen Ural zum polaren Ural untersucht. Die Ergebnisse aus dem Ural werden verifiziert mit Untersuchungen auf dem Putoran-Plateau (nördliches Zentralsibirien), einer Region, die nahezu keine menschlichen Eingriffe aufweist.
Upper tree-line in the Ural mountains shifted upward by as much as 60-80 m of altitude during the past decades, as evidenced by old landscape photographs, geobotanical descriptions, and mapping efforts. The observed altitudinal rise may result from the well-documented warming of the earth's surface, which would provide evidence of the temperature sensitivity of tree-line ecosystems. An increase in forest cover alters the carbon stocks at the landscape scale, with implications for the role of terrestrial ecosystems as sinks for increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The main objective of this proposal is to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of the upper tree-line and carbon sequestration under the influence of regional and global climate changes during the 20th century in the Ural mountains. Results from the Urals will be compared with similar investigations in the eastern Putorana Plateau (northern central Siberia). The Urals and the Putorana Mountains are quite suitable for investigating climate induced processes because they have experienced little human influence. Most other mountain systems of temperate climatic zones like the European Alps are exposed to strong anthropogenic disturbances, such as forestry, settlements and grazing, which are superimposed upon climate-related processes. The proposed investigation combines vegetation sampling, soil ecological methods, historical reconstructions, and modelling. Tree-line dynamics and the resulting impacts on carbon pools will be studied in the South, North, and in Polar Urals, as well as in the Putorana Mountains. Old geobotanical descriptions, vegetation maps, repeat photography, and aerial photography will be used to quantify the past and present structure and location of the forest-tundra ecotone. At each site, transects will be established along altitudinal gradients within the tree-line ecotone, starting above the current species-line (alpine zone, tundra) and moving down across the species-line, the tree line, and into the subalpine forests. The combination of dendroecological methods with the mapping and measuring of individual trees will provide interannual, precisely dated records of tree-line positional shifts, changes in regeneration dynamics, and changes of tree growth within the tree-line ecotone. To estimate the effects of an attitudinally rising tree line on carbon storage, the C stocks in the above- and below-ground biomass, and in soil organic matter, will be quantified and characterised. Carbon turnover rates in the plant-soil system will be obtained by radiocarbon (14C) measurements, and by determining decomposition rates with litterbags. In addition to the ecological investigations, it is planned to reconstruct the history of human settlement and its potential influence on the tree-line ecotone during the last 200-400 years, based mainly on the published literature and historical archives in municipal records. ...
The Airborne Polar Experiment (APE) is an airborne mission, equipped with sufficient aerosol instrumentation to discriminate between the various composition put forward for PSCs, and with sufficient chemical instrumentation to study the chemical evolution of air passing through a PSC. The mission will specifically aim to fly in regions where lee wave clouds are likely to be found (Scandinavian Alps, Ural mountains) and in regions where no previous measurements of PCSs have been made (Siberian Arctic). The mission's combination of high frequency in situ measurements, new flight paths, meteorological analyses and detailed modeling will substantially improve the understanding of the spatial and temporal extent of PSCs and hence ozone loss. As an important spin-off, the airborne mission will provide detailed information on all forms of aerosol particles present/from the tropopause to 22 km over the European and Arctic lower stratosphere.
Anhand von Dauerflaechenbeobachtungen soll der moegliche Einfluss von Grundwasserabsenkungen in Feuchtgebieten am Niederrhein dokumentiert werden. Diese Form der oekologischen Beweissicherung erfolgt in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Verursacher der Grundwasserabsenkungen, betroffenen Kommunen, Naturschutzverbaenden und der LOELF (Nordrhein-Westfalen).
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