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In dem Vorhaben werden die Auswirkungen extrem trocken-warmer Witterungsverhältnisse auf das Wachstum von Fichten und Buchen unter Berücksichtigung des Baumalters und des Standorts retrospektiv untersucht. Dazu werden im Südschwarzwald Untersuchungsbäume entlang von Höhengradienten jeweils auf einem Sommer- und einem Winterhang ausgewählt. Um Unterschiede in den chemischen und physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften gering zu halten sollen alle Untersuchungsstandorte einen ähnlichen Substratcharakter besitzen. Das jährliche bzw. periodische Höhen- und Dickenwachstum der Untersuchungsbäume wird mittels Stammanalyse retrospektiv erhoben. Die auf diese Weise gewonnenen Radial- und Höhenzuwachsreihen werden zur statistischen Analyse der Wachstumsreaktionen einzeln und in Kombination untersucht. Die zur Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Witterung und Zuwachs notwendigen meteorologischen Messreihen von geeigneten Stationen aus dem amt-lichen Messnetz werden vom Deutschen Wetterdienst bezogen. Der Einfluss des Baumalters bzw. -entwicklungsstandes auf die Sensitivität und das Regenerationsvermögen bezüglich Trockenstress wird anhand des Vergleichs zwischen jüngeren und älteren Untersuchungs-bäumen analysiert. Aus der Kenntnis baumarten- und standortspezifischer Zuwachsreaktionen auf Trockenstress ergeben sich erweiterte Interpretationsmöglichkeiten für die räumliche Differenzierung der Gefährdung von Wäldern. Die Untersuchung der zeitlichen Dynamik des Klima-Zuwachs-Systems auf der Grundlage langfristiger dendrometrischer Messreihen gewinnt angesichts der rasanten Umweltveränderungen zunehmend an Bedeutung.
Der Extrazellularraum (Apoplast) der hoeheren Pflanze ist fuer das Wachstum und die Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen von zentraler Bedeutung. Stressoren wie Schwermetalle, erhoehter Salzgehalt des Bodens oder Luftschadstoffe fuehren zu Stoerungen in der Biochemie des Apoplasten und induzieren Anpassungsreaktionen, die wiederum das Wachstum hemmen oder unter den Stressbedingungen foerdern koennen. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die verschiedenen Umweltstressoren im Apoplasten aehnliche Reaktionen induzieren, die molekularbiologisch und biochemisch detailliert untersucht werden muessen, um das Wachstum und Ueberleben von Pflanzen unter Stressbedingungen zu verstehen.
Formation and stability of soil micro-aggregates depend on the forces which are acting between the individual building blocks and in consequence on type, size and properties of the respective adjacent surfaces. While the interaction forces are the result of the superposition of short-range chemical forces and long-range van-der-Waals, electrostatic, magnetic dipole and capillary forces, the total contact surface is a function of the size, primary shape, roughness and larger-scale irregularities. By employ-ing atomic force microscopy (AFM), we will explore the role of topography, adhesion, elasticity and hardness for the formation of soil micro-aggregates and their stability against external stress. Special consideration will be put on the role of extracellular polymeric substances as glue between mineral particles and as a substance causing significant surface alteration. The objectives are to (i) identify and quantify the surface properties which control the stability of aggregates, (ii) to explain their for-mation and stability by the analysis of the interaction forces and contacting surface topography, and (iii) to link these results to the chemical information obtained by the bundle partners. Due to the spatial resolution available by AFM, we will provide information on the nano- to the (sub-)micron scale on tip-surface interactions as well as 'chemical' forces employing functionalized tips. Our mapping strategy is based on a hierarchic image acquisition approach which comprises the analysis of regions-of-interest of progressively smaller scales. Using classical and spatial statistics, the surface properties will be evaluated and the spatial patterns will be achieved. Spatial correlation will be used to match the AFM data with the chemical data obtained by the consortium. Upscaling is intended based on mathe-matical coarse graining approaches.
Recent and predicted increases in extremely dry and hot summers emphasise the need for silvicultural approaches to increase the drought tolerance of existing forests in the short-term, before adaptation through species changes may be possible. We aim to investigate whether resistance during droughts, as well as the recovery following drought events (resilience), can be increased by allocating more growing space to individual trees through thinning. Thinning increases access of promoted trees to soil stored water, as long as this is available. However, these trees may also be disadvantaged through a higher transpirational surface, or the increased neighbourhood competition by ground vegetation. To assess whether trees with different growing space differ in drought tolerance, tree discs and cores from thinning experiments of Pinus sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menziesii stands will be used to examine transpirational stress and growth reduction during previous droughts as well as their subsequent recovery. Dendroecology and stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in tree-rings will be used to quantify how assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were altered through thinning. The results will provide crucial information for the development of short-term silvicultural adaptation strategies to adapt forest ecosystems to climate change. In addition, this study will improve our understanding of the relationship between resistance and resilience of trees in relation to extreme stress events.
Das Pflanzenhormon Abszisinsäure (ABA) hat eine wichtige Rolle bei der Samenreifung und -keimung sowie bei der Anpassung an abiotische Streßfaktoren. Im Mittelpunkt des beantragten Forschungsprojekts steht die Identifizierung von Intermediärprodukten, die die Genexpression so steuern, daß Pflanzen eine besondere Anpassung an Trockenstreß zeigen. Diese Untersuchungen sollen von der extrem trockentoleranten Pflanze Craterostigma plantagineum ausgehen, die schon eingehend untersucht worden ist im Hinblick auf ABA induzierte Genexpression, die relevant ist für Trockentoleranz. In dem vorgeschlagenen Projekt sollen zwei wesentliche experimentelle Ansätze verfolgt werden: 1. Mit Hilfe des Hefe-Ein-Hybrid Systems sollen neue Faktoren gefunden werden, die mit Promotorelementen interagieren, die für die ABA Induktion relevant sind. 2. Eine mutagenisierte transgene Arabidopsislinie, die einen ABA induzierbaren C. plantagineum Promotor, gekoppelt an Reportergen, enthält, soll zur Suche von regulatorischen Mutanten in der ABA induzierten Genexpressionskaskade benutzt werden. Bei einer Mutation zeigt das Reportergen ein verändertes Expressionsmuster
Rain-cracking limits the production of many soft and fleshy fruit including sweet cherries world wide. Cracking is thought to result from increased water uptake through surface and pedicel. Water uptake increases fruit volume, and hence, turgor of cells (Pcell) and the pressure inside the fruit (Pfruit) and subjects the skin to tangential stress and hence, strain. When the strain exceeds the limits of extensibility the fruit cracks. This hypothesis is referred to as the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Based on this hypothesis cracking is related to two independent groups of factors: (1) water transport characteristics and (2) the intrinsic cracking susceptibility of the fruit defined as the amount of cracking per unit water uptake. The intrinsic cracking susceptibility thus reflects the mechanical constitution of the fruit. Most studies focussed on water transport through the fruit surface (factors 1), but only little information is available on the mechanical constitution (i.e., Pfruit and Pcell, tensile properties such as fracture strain, fracture pressure and modulus of elasticity of the exocarp; factors 2). The few published estimates of Pfruit in sweet cherry are all obtained indirectly (calculated from fruit water potential and osmotic potentials of juice extracts) and unrealistically high. They exceed those measured by pressure probe techniques in mature grape berry by several orders of magnitude. The objective of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis of the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Initially we will focus on establishing systems of widely differing intrinsic cracking susceptibility by varying species (sweet and sour cherry, Ribes and Vaccinium berries, plum, tomato), genotype (within sweet cherry), stage of development and temperature. These systems will then be used for testing the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking. We will quantify Pfruit und Pcell by pressure probe techniques and compression tests and the mechanical properties of the exocarp using biaxial tensile tests. When the presence of high Pfruit and Pcell is confirmed by direct measurements, subsequent studies will focus on the mode of failure of the exocarp (fracture along vs. across cell walls) and the relationship between failure thresholds and morphometric characteristics of the exocarp. However, when Pfruit und Pcell are low, the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking must be rejected and the mechanistic basis for low pressures (presence of apoplastic solutes) clarified on a temporal (in the course of development) and a spatial scale (exocarp vs. mesocarp). We focus on sweet cherry, because detailed information on this species and experience in extending the short harvest period is available. Where appropriate, other cracking susceptible species (sour cherry, plum, Vaccinium, Ribes, tomato) will be included to further extend the experimental period and to maximize the range in intrinsic cracking susceptibility.
Terrestrische Grünalgen sind typische und häufige Komponenten biologischer Bodenkrusten der Polarregionen. Biologische Bodenkrusten bilden wasserstabile Aggregate und üben ökologisch wichtige Funktionen hinsichtlich Primärproduktion, Stickstofffixierung, Nährstoffkreislauf, Wasserretention und Bodenstabilisierung aus. Obwohl kaum Daten über Grünalgen in der Arktis und Antarktis vorliegen, wird ihre funktionelle Bedeutung als Ökosystem-Entwickler nährstoffarmer Gebiete als sehr hoch eingeschätzt. Die Biodiversität der Algen und Cyanobakterien polarer Bodenkrusten ist in den letzten Jahren zum ersten Mal von uns mit klassischen und molekularen Methoden (Metatranskriptomik und Metabarcoding) untersucht worden. In dem neuen Projekt wollen wir nun den physiologischen Zustand von Bodenkrusten der Antarktis aus Metatranskriptomen ermitteln. Dazu wollen wir die Sequenzen der Metatranskriptome einzelnen Arten (Gattungen, Familien oder anderen systematischen Kategorien) zuordnen und funktionell qualitativ und quantitativ untersuchen. Neben Datenbankvergleichen (KOG, KEGG, GO) können die spezifischen Submetatranskriptome auch mit den unter unterschiedlichen Laborbedingungen (Flüssigkultur/Agarplatten Kultur, Trockenstress, Temperaturstress, Lichtstress) gewonnenen Transkriptomen von Klebsormidium und sowie den in diesem Projekt geplanten neuen Transkriptomen je zweier antarktischer Klebsormidium und Coccomyxa Arten verglichen werden. Diese Daten werden erstmals einen molekularen Einblick in die Physiologie arktischen Arten in-situ im natürlichen Habitat zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahme und die Identifizierung von Schlüsselgenen für das Überleben in der Antarktis ermöglichen.
In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T and related proteins are the mobile signal that communicates information on photoperiod from the leaves to the shoots, where the transition to flowering is realized. FT expression is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level so that it is restricted to leaves, occurs only in appropriate photoperiods, and integrates ambient temperature and developmental cues, as well as information on biotic and abiotic stress. We previously established that FT transcription in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana requires proximal promoter cis-elements and a distal enhancer, both evolutionary conserved among Brassicacea species. In addition, FT transcription is blocked prior vernalization in biannual accessions and vernalization-dependency of FT is controlled through a CArG-box located in the first intron that binds the transcriptional repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Chromatin-mediated repression by the Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway is required for photoperiod-dependent FT regulation and participates in FT expression level modulation in response to other cues.In this project, I propose to explore the available sequence data from the 1001 genome project in Arabidopsis to evaluate how often changes in regulatory cis-elements at FT have occurred and how these translate into an adaptive value. Allele-specific FT expression pattern will be measured in F1 hybrids of different accessions in response to varying environmental conditions. FT alleles that show cis-regulatory variation will be further analyzed to pinpoint the causal regulatory changes and study their effect in more detail. The allotetrapolyploid species Brassica napus is a hybrid of two Brassiceae species belonging to the A- and C-type genome, which are in turn mesopolyploid due to a genome triplication that occurred ca. 10x106 years ago. We will determine allele-specific expression of FT paralogs from both genomes of a collection of B. napus accessions. The plants will be grown in the field in changing environmental conditions to maximize the chance to detect expression variation of the paralogs. We will compare the contribution of the founder genomes to the regulation of flowering time and asses variation in this contribution. A particular focus will be to study the impact of chromatin-mediated repression on allele selection in B. napus.
Whether primordial bodies in the solar system possessed internally-generated dynamos is a fundamental constraint to understand the dynamics and timing of early planetary formation. Paleointensity studies on several meteorites reveal that their host planets possessed magnetic fields within an order-of magnitude of the present Earths field. Interpretation of paleointensity data relies heavily on fundamental knowledge of the magnetic properties of the magnetic carriers, such as the single to multidomain size threshold or how the saturation magnetization varies as a function of grain size, yet very little knowledge exists about these key parameters for some of the main magnetic recorders in meteorites: the iron-nickel alloys. Moreover, most meteorites have experienced some amount of shock during their histories, yet the consequence of even very small stresses on paleointensity data is poorly known.We wish to fill these gaps by magnetically characterizing Fe-Ni alloys as a function of grain size and by determining how absolute and relative paleointensity data are biased by strain levels lower than those petrologically observable (less than 4-5 GPa). For example, our preliminary work shows that an imposed stress of 0.6 GPa will reduce absolute paleointensity estimates by 46Prozent for single domain magnetite-bearing rocks. In general, paleointensity determinations possess inherent disadvantages regarding measurement precision and the inordinate amount of human time investment. We intend to overcome these limitations by extending and improving our fully automated magnetic workstation known as the SushiBar.
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