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This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of centrifuge models performed to test the influence of pre-existing weak zones in the lower crust (herein after referred to as Weak Lower Crust –WLC) during continental compression. We varied the width of the WLC, the dip of the interfaces bounding the WLC and the frictional properties at the WLC-LC interface by using lubricant (vaseline). In this dataset, we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and can be used for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different stages and showing the deformation process of each model; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models; 3) Line-drawing of fault and fracture patterns to be used for fault statistical quantification; 4) A Python script to draw swath profiles (outputs) of the analogue models. Further details on the modelling strategy can be found in the publication associated with this dataset and in Milazzo et al. (2021), using a similar setup for achieving compression in the centrifuge. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Corti (2012), Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Zou et al. (2024) and Wan et al. (2025).
In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.
This data set includes results from a total of 13 analogue tectonic models aimed at simulating the activation of tectonic lineaments associated with the Main Ethiopian Rift in eastern Africa. We use a model set-up based on previous work by Zwaan et al. (2021, 2022). This set-up involves a velocity discontinuity (VD, i.e., the edge of a mobile base plate) to induce extension in the overlying brittle- and viscous model materials representing the upper and lower crust, respectively. Additional structural weaknesses (seeds) at the base of the brittle layer serve to represent activated tectonic weaknesses in nature. Model parameters (different VD and seed orientation, and different seed diameters) are summarized in Table 1. The model results presented in this data publication are obtained through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) analyses. A more detailed description of model set-up, model results, and their interpretation can be found in Zwaan et al. (2025)
In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project
This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).
This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for mixtures of quartz sand and sili-cate cenospheres, which are used for analog experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geo-physics of the Czech Academy of Science (IG CAS) (Warsitzka et al., 2021). The mixtures have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested materials range between 0.55 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.47 and 0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR be-tween 0.52 and 0.65. Cohesions of the materials vary between 20 and 120 Pa. The materials show a minor rate-weakening of <1.2% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
The southern Andes are regarded as a typical subduction orogen formed by oblique plate convergence. Despite decades of studies, there is considerable uncertainty as to how deformation is kinematically partitioned in the upper plate. Using scaled analogue experiments modelling, we test the concept of dextral transpression for this orogen. We advocate that the GPS velocity field portrays interseismic deformation related to deformation of strong crust north, and weak crust south, of 37°S. Contrary to the popular hypotheses that the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, a prominent intra-arc deformation zone, takes up most of the plate boundary-parallel dextral strike-slip, we find that dextral transpression affects the entire model orogen through tectonic segmentation of crust. Moreover, prominent, regularly spaced sinistral oblique-slip thrust faults, interpreted as antithetic Riedel shears, developed spontaneously in all of our experiments and call into question the general believe that their NW-striking natural equivalents formed from pre-Andean discontinuities. Our experiments prompt us to reconsider the apparently well-established geodynamic concept that strain and margin-parallel displacement is localized on a few margin-parallel faults in the southern Andes.
This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).
This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“A”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of quartz sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.70, μD = 0.60 and μR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 40 – 80 Pa.
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