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Larvae of marine species with complex life cycles with wide latitudinal distribution ranges can differ not only in their thermal tolerance, but also in responses to temperature, such as growth rates and carbon or nitrogen accumulation. To assess population-specific growth rates, based on dry mass and carbon and nitrogen contents, we studied larval growth rates of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas across an environmental temperature gradient. We measured larval growth (day-1) from hatching to metamorphosis to megalopa at seven constant temperature treatments (9-27 °C, in 3 °C increments). Data represent experimental observations of larval dry mass, carbon and nitrogen contents under laboratory conditions and are reported at the level of replicates by females of each population. Replication was performed on two levels: 5 **10 larvae were reared per female, and 4 to 6 females were used per population. Larvae originated from berried females collected from populations at the southern and northern parts of the native European distribution (Vigo, Spain; Bergen and Trondheim, Norway). The data were collected during one reproductive period in 2022. Growth rates were low at low temperatures and increased with temperature, reaching a plateau at 21 °C. This increase in growth coincided with a reduction in duration of development, leading to similar body mass at metamorphosis across temperature treatments. Contrastingly, at the high temperature treatments 24°C and 27°C, reductions in duration of development did not coincide with increased growth rates, hence larvae metamorphosed with reduced body mass.
These data were produced in two lab assays. The first assay was conducted in the period from August 29 to September 10, during which filtration and respiration of 18 mussels transplanted and grown for ca. four months under thermal history levels of + 0 °C and + 4 °C (using Kiel Outdoor Benthocosms, KOBs) were recorded in six temporally replicated (independent) trials using the Fluorometer and Oximeter-equipped Flow-through Setup (FOFS; Vajedsamiei et al., 2021). In each trial, filtration and respiration of three different transplants, randomly selected from the incubated samples were recorded in response to a constant mild temperature condition (20.8 °C) followed by two 24 h thermal fluctuation cycles. In the second assay, we recorded filtration and respiration rates of six batches of 5 or 6 mussels recruited and grown under the same thermal history levels in KOBs (three batches from each thermal history level) in temporally replicated trials of the same FOFS treatment, as explained earlier.
We assessed the heat tolerance of microscopic, juvenile and adult sporophytes under heat stress and in response to gametophyte or sporophyte priming in five experiments. Experiment 1: we primed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 15°C clonal culture; n = 7) for 3 weeks at 0°C, 10°C, and 20°C and induced gametogenesis at 10°C for 2 weeks. Resulting microscopic sporophytes were subjected to a 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, and 23°C, where we counted the number of alive and dead sporophytes and calculated the survival rates. Experiment 2: sporophytes were cultivated after gametogenesis for an additional 4 weeks before we subjected them to a 14-day simulated heat wave (13°C for 3 days, 16°C for 2 days, 18°C for 2 days, 20°C, 21°C and 22°C for 1 day each, 23°C and 24°C for 4 days each, and recovery at 20°C for 7 days), during which we assessed the photosynthetic performance by measuring quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Sporophytes that survived the heat wave were cultivated at 15°C for 64 days to recover, after which we measured their size (length and blade area). Experiment 3: primed (0°C, 10°C, 20°C; 3 weeks) gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 10°C mixed culture; n = 5) were sown on ropes and reared in a mariculture experiment (2 months hatchery, 4 months mariculture). Adult sporophytes were sampled and exposed to the same 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C with a 10°C control group. We measured growth (length and blade area), Fv/Fm, and the percentage of healthy area (as % blade area with Fv/Fm > 0.6). Experiment 4: sporophytes from the 0°C gametophyte priming treatment of the same mariculture experiment recovered at 10°C for 24 days. Meristematic discs were exposed to a 1-day sporophyte priming trigger (T). A control group (C) remained at 10°C. After 3 days recovery at 10°C both groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured growth (disc area) and Fv/Fm. Experiment 5: gametogenesis of gametophytes (Spitsbergen 2011, 2015; 5°C clonal culture, n = 5) was induced at 5°C and sporophytes reared for 6 months. Sporophytes were distributed to three treatment groups. A 17-day heat wave (from 5°C to 20°C and back) followed by a 1-day priming trigger at 21.5°C (HWT); 17 days at 10°C and a 1-day priming trigger (T); a control remaining at 10°C throughout (C). All groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured Fv/Fm, percentage of healthy area and survival. All laboratory experiments were carried out at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, from January to July 2024. The mariculture experiment took place at the hatchery of Polaralge AS (Sandhornøy, Norway; December - February 2024) and the deployment site of Lofoten Blue Harvest (Lilje Engla, Lofoten, Norway; 68°16'02.8N 15°06'14.8E; February – June 2024).
We assessed the heat tolerance of microscopic, juvenile and adult sporophytes under heat stress and in response to gametophyte or sporophyte priming in five experiments. Experiment 1: we primed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 15°C clonal culture; n = 7) for 3 weeks at 0°C, 10°C, and 20°C and induced gametogenesis at 10°C for 2 weeks. Resulting microscopic sporophytes were subjected to a 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, and 23°C, where we counted the number of alive and dead sporophytes and calculated the survival rates. Experiment 2: sporophytes were cultivated after gametogenesis for an additional 4 weeks before we subjected them to a 14-day simulated heat wave (13°C for 3 days, 16°C for 2 days, 18°C for 2 days, 20°C, 21°C and 22°C for 1 day each, 23°C and 24°C for 4 days each, and recovery at 20°C for 7 days), during which we assessed the photosynthetic performance by measuring quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Sporophytes that survived the heat wave were cultivated at 15°C for 64 days to recover, after which we measured their size (length and blade area). Experiment 3: primed (0°C, 10°C, 20°C; 3 weeks) gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 10°C mixed culture; n = 5) were sown on ropes and reared in a mariculture experiment (2 months hatchery, 4 months mariculture). Adult sporophytes were sampled and exposed to the same 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C with a 10°C control group. We measured growth (length and blade area), Fv/Fm, and the percentage of healthy area (as % blade area with Fv/Fm > 0.6). Experiment 4: sporophytes from the 0°C gametophyte priming treatment of the same mariculture experiment recovered at 10°C for 24 days. Meristematic discs were exposed to a 1-day sporophyte priming trigger (T). A control group (C) remained at 10°C. After 3 days recovery at 10°C both groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured growth (disc area) and Fv/Fm. Experiment 5: gametogenesis of gametophytes (Spitsbergen 2011, 2015; 5°C clonal culture, n = 5) was induced at 5°C and sporophytes reared for 6 months. Sporophytes were distributed to three treatment groups. A 17-day heat wave (from 5°C to 20°C and back) followed by a 1-day priming trigger at 21.5°C (HWT); 17 days at 10°C and a 1-day priming trigger (T); a control remaining at 10°C throughout (C). All groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured Fv/Fm, percentage of healthy area and survival. All laboratory experiments were carried out at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, from January to July 2024. The mariculture experiment took place at the hatchery of Polaralge AS (Sandhornøy, Norway; December - February 2024) and the deployment site of Lofoten Blue Harvest (Lilje Engla, Lofoten, Norway; 68°16'02.8N 15°06'14.8E; February – June 2024).
We assessed the heat tolerance of microscopic, juvenile and adult sporophytes under heat stress and in response to gametophyte or sporophyte priming in five experiments. Experiment 1: we primed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 15°C clonal culture; n = 7) for 3 weeks at 0°C, 10°C, and 20°C and induced gametogenesis at 10°C for 2 weeks. Resulting microscopic sporophytes were subjected to a 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, and 23°C, where we counted the number of alive and dead sporophytes and calculated the survival rates. Experiment 2: sporophytes were cultivated after gametogenesis for an additional 4 weeks before we subjected them to a 14-day simulated heat wave (13°C for 3 days, 16°C for 2 days, 18°C for 2 days, 20°C, 21°C and 22°C for 1 day each, 23°C and 24°C for 4 days each, and recovery at 20°C for 7 days), during which we assessed the photosynthetic performance by measuring quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Sporophytes that survived the heat wave were cultivated at 15°C for 64 days to recover, after which we measured their size (length and blade area). Experiment 3: primed (0°C, 10°C, 20°C; 3 weeks) gametophytes (Lofoten 2023; 10°C mixed culture; n = 5) were sown on ropes and reared in a mariculture experiment (2 months hatchery, 4 months mariculture). Adult sporophytes were sampled and exposed to the same 14-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C with a 10°C control group. We measured growth (length and blade area), Fv/Fm, and the percentage of healthy area (as % blade area with Fv/Fm > 0.6). Experiment 4: sporophytes from the 0°C gametophyte priming treatment of the same mariculture experiment recovered at 10°C for 24 days. Meristematic discs were exposed to a 1-day sporophyte priming trigger (T). A control group (C) remained at 10°C. After 3 days recovery at 10°C both groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured growth (disc area) and Fv/Fm. Experiment 5: gametogenesis of gametophytes (Spitsbergen 2011, 2015; 5°C clonal culture, n = 5) was induced at 5°C and sporophytes reared for 6 months. Sporophytes were distributed to three treatment groups. A 17-day heat wave (from 5°C to 20°C and back) followed by a 1-day priming trigger at 21.5°C (HWT); 17 days at 10°C and a 1-day priming trigger (T); a control remaining at 10°C throughout (C). All groups were subjected to a 7-day heat stress treatment at 20°C, 21.5°C, 23°C, and 25°C, where we measured Fv/Fm, percentage of healthy area and survival. All laboratory experiments were carried out at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, from January to July 2024. The mariculture experiment took place at the hatchery of Polaralge AS (Sandhornøy, Norway; December - February 2024) and the deployment site of Lofoten Blue Harvest (Lilje Engla, Lofoten, Norway; 68°16'02.8N 15°06'14.8E; February – June 2024).
Larval and adult stages of marine species with complex life cycles often differ in thermal tolerance, with larvae typically showing narrower thermal tolerance limits. To assess how such stage-specific differences may influence species' range dynamics under climate change, we quantified larval performance of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas across an environmental temperature gradient. We measured larval survival rates (%) from hatching to metamorphosis to megalopa and the duration of development (days) at seven constant-temperature treatments (9-27 °C, in 3 °C increments). Data represent experimental observations of larval performance under laboratory conditions and are reported at the level of replicates by females of each population. Replication was performed on two levels: 5 * 10 larvae were reared per female, and 4 to 6 females were used per population. Larvae originated from berried females collected from populations at the southern and northern parts of the native European distribution (Vigo, Spain; Bergen and Trondheim, Norway). The data were collected during one reproductive period in 2022. We aimed to test the hypothesis that larvae from northern populations are more tolerant to low temperatures, while southern populations exhibit increased tolerance to high temperatures, which would facilitate poleward range expansion under warming conditions. Our results show that larvae from Spain displayed slightly higher survival rates to megalopa at warmer temperatures compared to those from northern populations. However, little variation in tolerance was observed between northern Spain and Norway, with low survival at the temperature extremes (9 °C and 27 °C). Notably, larvae from Norway exhibited faster development at low temperatures.
This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows continues temperature data for each benthocosm and the adjacent fjord. Benthocosms A1, A2, C1, C2, E1, E2 = Heat; Benthocosms B1, B2, D1, D2, F1, F2 = Ambient.
This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows monthly or bi-monthly measurements taken of each shoot: Number of shoots [no. per box], Number of new shoots at counting event [no. per box], number of new shoots per month [no. per box per month], and number of flowering shoots [no. per box]. Derived data in %: Number of shoots [% of original shoots], number of new shoots [% of original shoots], number of flowering shoots [% of original shoots]. The organization of the data is hierarchical: Treatment (Heat, Ambient), Benthocosms number (6 benthocosms per treatment), Seagrass box number (4 boxes per benthocosm), shoot number (originally 6 shoots per box, some were lost throughout the experiment).
This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows concentrations of NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 of each treatment (Ambient, Heat) as the mean and confidence interval (CI) across all benthocosms per treatment (n=6).
This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. This dataset shows monthly or bi-monthly measurements taken of each shoot: Growth [cm per day], time to grow new leaf (PL, [days]), lenghts of 3rd leaf [cm] and number of green leaves [no. per shoot]. The organization of the data is hierarchical: Treatment (Heat, Ambient), Benthocosms number (6 benthocosms per treatment), Seagrass box number (4 boxes per benthocosm), shoot number (originally 6 shoots per box, some were lost throughout the experiment).
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