The increasing impact of humans on land and ongoing global population growth requires an improved understanding of land cover (LC) processes in general and of those related to settlements in particular. The heterogeneity of settlements and landscapes as well as the importance of not only mapping, but also characterizing anthropogenic and landscape structures suggests using a sub-pixel mapping approach for analysing related LC from space.
This map has been created using a regression-based unmixing approach for mapping built-up surfaces and infrastructure, woody vegetation and non-woody vegetation for all of Austria at 10 m spatial resolution. Spectral-temporal metrics from all Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 observation in 2018 have been used to create synthetically mixed training data for regression. An elevation threshold of 1350m has been applied above which built-up surfaces and infrastructures were masked out.
The mapping workflow has been established in the corresponding publication. This dataset is an enhanced dataset that uses an alternative set of spectral-temporal metrics for land cover modeling, including:
- 25th, 50th and 75th quantile of Sentinel-2 reflectance
- Average Sentinel-1 VH polarized backscatter
- 90th quantile and standard deviation of Sentinel-2 Tasseled Cap Greenness
This enhanced set makes use of Sentinel-1 imagery, which reduces confusion of built-up features and seasonal soil-covered surfaces. Sentinel-2 Tasseled Cap Greenness is a more robust indicator for vegetation in temperate regions than the NDVI, which was used in the corresponding publication.
The file is of GeoTiff format and contains three bands:
Band 1 - Fraction of built-up surfaces and infrastructure
Band 2 - Fraction of woody vegetation
Band 3 - Fraction of non-woody vegetation
For further information, please see the publication or contact Franz Schug (franz.schug@geo.hu-berlin.de).
Sentinel-1 data was kindly provided by TU Vienna (https://www.geo.tuwien.ac.at/) through EODC (https://www.eodc.eu/).
This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 741950).
EMMA – End Member Modelling Analysis of grain-size data is a technique to unmix multimodal grain-size data sets, i.e., to decompose the data into the underlying grain-size distributions (loadings) and their contributions to each sample (scores). The R package EMMAgeo contains a series of functions to perform EMMA based on eigenspace decomposition. The data are rescaled and transformed to receive results in meaningful units, i.e., volume percentage. EMMA can be performed in a deterministic and two robust ways, the latter taking into account incomplete knowledge about model parameters. The model outputs can be interpreted in terms of sediment sources, transport pathways and transport regimes (loadings) as well as their relative importance throughout the sample space (scores).
Berlin-Urban-Gradient is a ready-to-use imaging spectrometry dataset for multi-scale unmixing and hard classification analyses in urban environments. The dataset comprises two airborne HyMap scenes at 3.6 and 9 m resolution, a simulated spaceborne EnMAP scene at 30 m resolution, an im-age endmember spectral library and detailed land cover reference information. All images are pro-vided as geocoded reflectance products and cover the same subset along Berlin’s urban-rural gra-dient. The variety of land cover and land use patterns captured make the dataset an ideal play-ground for testing the transfer of methods and research approaches at multiple spatial scales.
Version HIstory: This version of the Berlin-Urban-Gradient-Dataset was updated to account for errors in the spatial referencing. This included six updated header files (.hdr) and two updated shapte files. See details in the new version and the associated data report.
27 Feb 2025: change to CC BY 4.0 License.
Berlin-Urban-Gradient is a ready-to-use imaging spectrometry dataset for multi-scale unmixing and hard classification analyses in urban environments. The dataset comprises two airborne HyMap scenes at 3.6 and 9 m resolution, a simulated spaceborne EnMAP scene at 30 m resolution, an im-age endmember spectral library and detailed land cover reference information. All images are pro-vided as geocoded reflectance products and cover the same subset along Berlin’s urban-rural gradient. The variety of land cover and land use patterns captured make the dataset an ideal play-ground for testing the transfer of methods and research approaches at multiple spatial scales.Version HIstory:This version of the Berlin-Urban-Gradient-Dataset was updated to account for errors in the spatial referencing. The following files were updated:Folder “BerlinUrbGrad2009_01_image_products\01_image_products”Replacement of header files of the four image products: (1) EnMAP01_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr, (2) EnMAP02_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr, (3) HyMap01_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr, (4) HyMap02_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr.Folder “BerlinUrbGrad2009_02_additional_data\02_additional_data\land_cover”:Replacement of header files of the two reference land cover images (Land-Cov_Layer_Level1_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr, Lan d-Cov_Layer_Level2_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.hdr).Replacement of the shapefile (incl. extensions) representing the references polygons (LandCov_Vec_polygons_Berlin_Urban_Gradient_2009.shp, *.dbf, *.prj, *.sbn, *.sbx, *.shp.xml, *.shx).