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X-ray fluorescense (XRF) core scanning from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

XRF measurements in 0.2 to 1 mm increments with an ITRAX XRF core scanner (Cox Analytics) and Cr tube (Croudance et al. 2015, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9849-5 ). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Diatom counts from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Diatom analyses were done following (Battarbee, 1986; Battarbee et al., 2002; doi:10.2478/s11756-019-00407-8). Including an updated list of names. The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP. An aliquot of each freeze-dried sample was processed with standard procedures (Battarbee, 1986; Battarbee et al., 2002). Only species with >=5% relative abundance in at least two samples were used for further analyses. Species acronyms are listed seperately.

Chronology, pollan, diatom, and geochemical data covering the last 3000 years of the Lake Lubińskie varved record (western Poland)

Sediments from Lake Lubińskie, western Poland, were investigated to determine the limnological responses to environmental changes and to identify the mechanisms driving eutrophication over the last 3,000 years. The chronology was obtained through three independent varve counting, radiometric measurements (Cs-137 and Pb-210), and radiocarbon dating. Due to slumps in the sediment record, a Bayesian modelling approach was applied to develop the final chronology. Pollen analysis was performed on 48 samples from the Lake Lubińskie record to present a general overview of the vegetation changes through time and the agricultural performance in the catchment. Diatom analysis was performed on 61 samples to present the most abundant taxa, ecological groups, and local assemblage zones and to estimate the lake level fluctuations. CNS measurements (TIC, TOC, TC, TN, TS) were performed to capture the geochemical fluctuations throughout the profile.

Chronology from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Chronology is based on Birlo et al. 2023, the Age is in calibrated years Before Present. The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

CNS analyses from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

C, N and S analysed with a CNS elemental analyser (EuroEA, Eurovector). Biogenic silica was measured following the leaching method of Müller & Schneider (1993, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90140-X). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Sedimentary pigments from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Chl and Bphe were measured with ultraviolet–visible photospectrometry (UV-VIS) using combined protocols of Lami et al. (1994, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3_7) and Pniewski (2020, doi:10.2478/s11756-019-00407-8). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Magnetic Susceptibility from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements in 4 mm increments with a Bartington MS2E sensor mounted to a measuring bench (Nowaczyk, 2002, doi:10.1007/0-306-47669-X_8). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Hyperspectral scanning imaging index from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Pigments measurements (RABD671 and RABD845) were made by Specim PFD-CL-65V10E linescan camera following the methods of (Butz et al., 2015, doi:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096031), at a resolution of 60 × 60 μm. Scanning methodology and index calculations can be found in (Zander et al., 2021, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143713). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Chronology determination of the last 3000 years from Lake Lubińskie in western Poland

This chronology dataset contains five columns: depth sed [m], Age [a AD/CE], Age [ka BP], Age min [a AD/CE], and Age max [a AD/CE]. The age-depth model was developed through Bayesian modelling from 2007 CE (the year of coring) down to 428 cm (75 ± 90 BCE). Below this depth, the extrapolation is based on varve counting: 871 varve years were added to extend the age-depth model to the bottom of the profile.

CNS determination of the last 3000 years from Lake Lubińskie in western Poland

This CNS dataset contains eight columns: Sample ID, Age [a AD/CE], Age [ka BP], Depth sed [m], and content of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), and total inorganic carbon (TIC), all expressed in %.

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