Am 1. Juni 2013 kam der "Club der Energiewende-Staaten" zu seinem Gründungstreffen in Berlin zusammen. Gründungsmitglieder sind China, Dänemark, Deutschland, Frankreich, Indien, Marokko, Südafrika, Tonga, die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, das Vereinigte Königreich sowie der Generaldirektor der IRENA, Adnan Amin. Gemeinsames Ziel ist, den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien weltweit voranzutreiben.
Ausgabe 02/2019 der Zeitschrift UMID stellt aktuelle Ergebnisse aus der Deutschen Umweltstudie zur Gesundheit vor (GerES V): In der Studie wurden 3- bis 17-jährige Kinder in Deutschland von 2014 bis 2017 auf Schadstoffe im Urin und Blut untersucht. Der Titelbeitrag in der Ausgabe 02/2019 der Zeitschrift UMID stellt Daten aus GerES V vor und vergleicht sie mit Daten aus vorherigen Untersuchungen, informiert über die Analyse neuer Chemikalien und identifiziert besonders belastete Gruppen. Außerdem berichtet das Heft über die Arbeiten in der ersten Feldphase der MEAL-Studie des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung. Die MEAL-Studie untersucht großflächig, welche Stoffe in welchen Konzentrationen in zubereiteten Lebensmitteln enthalten sind.Weitere Themen in Ausgabe 02/2019 sind unter anderem die Entwicklung einer Gesamtlärmbewertung, Handlungsempfehlungen für mehr Umweltgerechtigkeit in der kommunalen Praxis und die neu programmierte App Scan4Chem, mit der nun einfacher Auskünfte zu Chemikalien in Verbraucherprodukten eingeholt werden können.Die Zeitschrift UMID: Umwelt und Mensch – Informationsdienst erscheint zweimal im Jahr und informiert über aktuelle Themen aus Umwelt & Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz. Die Onlineversion des UMID kann kostenfrei abonniert werden.
Am 7. Oktober 2011 wurde von Bundesumweltminister Dr. Norbert Röttgen und Adnan Z. Amin, der Generaldirektor der Internationalen Organisation für Erneuerbare Energien (IRENA),das Innovations- und Technologiezentrum (IITC) von IRENA in Bonn eröffnet. Die von der Bundesregierung geförderte Beratungseinrichtung soll wissenschaftliche Szenarien zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien erarbeiten und in Zusammenarbeit mit dem IRENA-Hauptsitz in Abu Dhabi zum weltweiten Umstieg auf Ressourcen schonende Technologien beitragen.
Rüdel, Heinz; Müller, Josef; Jürling, Heinrich; Bartel-Steinbach, Martina; Koschorreck, Jan Environ Sci Pollut Res 18 (2011), 9, 1457-1470 Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994-1996, 2000-2002, and 2006-2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4-C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. Specimens, either standardized annual pooled samples (blue mussels, eelpout liver, bream liver, pigeon eggs) or individual single samples (cormorant eggs, rook eggs), were collected for the German ESB program from representative sampling sites according to documented guidelines. After appropriate extraction, PFC were quantified under ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation by HPLC/MS-MS with isotopically labeled internal standards. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.2-0.5 ng/g. Data are reported on a wet weight basis. In most samples the predominant PFC was perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, in marine mussels from North and Baltic Seas, PFOS levels were mostly below the LOQ, but low residues of PFOS amide were found which declined in recent years. Livers of eelpout showed maximum concentrations of 15-25 ng/g PFOS in the period 2000-2002 and low amounts of perfluoropentanoate in all years. Beside PFOS (median 48 ng/g) several PFC could be determined in cormorant eggs sampled in 2009 from a Baltic Sea site. For a freshwater ecosystem, current PFC burdens for cormorant eggs were even higher (median 400 ng/g PFOS). Livers of bream from rivers showed concentrations of 130-260 ng/g PFOS, but for bream from a reference lake levels were only about 6 ng/g. In contrast to cormorants, eggs of rook and feral pigeon from terrestrial ecosystems displayed only low PFC burdens (up to 6 ng/g PFOS). Generally, PFC levels were lower in marine than in freshwater biota. PFC burdens were higher in biota from the ESB-North Sea sites than in Baltic Sea organisms. Levels of PFC were quite high especially in top predators of both limnetic and marine ecosystems. Only low PFC levels were detected in eggs of terrestrial birds. A decrease of PFOS levels from maximum values around the year 2000 observed at least in North Sea biota may be a result of a production cease and shifts in marketing pattern. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0501-9
technologyComment of epoxy resin production, liquid (RER): Commercial epoxy resin can be produced by reacting bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin in presence of a base catalyst (here represented by sodium hydroxide) (Guichon Valves n.d. and Pham and Marks 2005). Epoxy resins are in liquid form if n is from 0 to 1. When n is larger than 1 the resin in solid (Licare and Swanson, 2011). As the product here representes epoxy resin in liquid form, n is set to 1. 2C15H16O2 + 3C3H5ClO + 3NaOH -> C39H44O7 + 3Na+ + 3Cl- + 3H2O Pham, H.Q. and Marks, M.J. 2005. Epoxy Resins. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.13, pp.155-244. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Guichon Valves, n.d. Epoxy resins – Manufacturing process of Epoxy resins. Retrieved from: http://guichon-valves.com/faqs/epoxy-resins-manufacturing-process-of-epoxy-resins/, accessed 13th February 2017 For more information on the model please refer to the dedicate ecoinvent report, access it in the Report section of ecoQuery (http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html) The process is carried out in a reactor where a solution of sodium hydroxide is added (20 to 40% concentration). The product is brought to boiling temperature and a solvent is added. Solvents are not included in the inventory as it is assumed that solvents are closed-loop recycled. The unreacted epichlorohydrin is collected and recycled back into the system. The epoxy resin in then washed; this gives the final product in liquid form. Epoxy resin can also be produced in solid form. To do so, curing with, for example secondary amines, is necessary. Epoxy resins can have different characteristics, these depend on additional products that can be added to the liquid resin. The required characteristics depend on the final use of the product (Guichon Valves n.d.) This inventory representing production of a particular chemical compound is at least partially based on a generic model on the production of chemicals. The data generated by this model have been improved by compound-specific data when available. The model on production of chemicals is using specific industry or literature data wherever possible and more generic data on chemical production processes to fill compound-specific data gaps when necessary. The basic principles of the model have been published in literature (Hischier 2005, Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability). The model has been updated and extended with newly available data from the chemical industry. In the model, unreacted fractions are treated in a waste treatment process, and emissions reported are after a waste treatment process that is included in the scope of this dataset. For volatile reactants, a small level of evaporation is assumed. Solvents and catalysts are mostly recycled in closed-loop systems within the scope of the dataset and reported flows are for losses from this system. The main source of information for the values for heat, electricity, water (process and cooling), nitrogen, chemical factory is industry data from Gendorf. The values are a 5-year average of data (2011 - 2015) published by the Gendorf factory (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2015, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2014, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de). The Gendorf factory is based in Germany, it produces a wide range of chemical substances. The factory produced 1657400 tonnes of chemical substances in the year 2015 (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de) and 740000 tonnes of intermediate products. Reference(s): Hischier, R. (2005) Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability (9 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp 59–67. 10.1065/lca2004.10.181.7 Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de Licari, J.J. and Swanson, D.W. 2011. Chemistry, Formulation, and Properties of Adhesives. In Adhesives Technology for Electronic Applications (Second Edition), 2011
Production mix technologyComment of decarboxylative cyclization of adipic acid (RER): decarboxylative cyclization of adipic acid technologyComment of formic acid production, methyl formate route (RER): The worldwide installed capacity for producing formic acid was about 330 000 t/a in 1988. Synthesis of formic acid by hydrolysis of methyl formate is based on a two-stage process: in the first stage, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide; in the second stage, methyl formate is hydrolyzed to formic acid and methanol. The methanol is returned to the first stage. Although the carbonylation of methanol is relatively problem-free and has been carried out industrially for a long time, only recently has the hydrolysis of methyl formate been developed into an economically feasible process. The main problems are associated with work-up of the hydrolysis mixture. Because of the unfavorable position of the equilibrium, reesterification of methanol and formic acid to methyl formate occurs rapidly during the separation of unreacted methyl formate. Problems also arise in the selection of sufficiently corrosion-resistant materials Carbonylation of Methanol In the two processes mentioned, the first stage involves carbonylation of methanol in the liquid phase with carbon monoxide, in the presence of a basic catalyst: imageUrlTagReplacea0ec6e15-92c8-4d44-82bb-84e90e58b171 As a rule, the catalyst is sodium methoxide. Potassium methoxide has also been proposed as a catalyst; it is more soluble in methyl formate and gives a higher reaction rate. Although fairly high pressures were initially preferred, carbonylation is carried out in new plants at lower pressure. Under these conditions, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration must be increased to achieve acceptable conversion. According to published data, ca. 4.5 MPa, 80 °C, and 2.5 wt % sodium methoxide are employed. About 95 % carbon monoxide, but only about 30 % methanol, is converted under these circumstances. Nearly quantitative conversion of methanol to methyl formate can, nevertheless, be achieved by recycling the unreacted methanol. The carbonylation of methanol is an equilibrium reaction. The reaction rate can be raised by increasing the temperature, the carbon monoxide partial pressure, the catalyst concentration, and the interface between gas and liquid. To synthesize methyl formate, gas mixtures with a low proportion of carbon monoxide must first be concentrated. In a side reaction, sodium methoxide reacts with methyl formate to form sodium formate and dimethyl ether, and becomes inactivated. The substances used must be anhydrous; otherwise, sodium formate is precipitated to an increasing extent. Sodium formate is considerably less soluble in methyl formate than in methanol. The risk of encrustation and blockage due to precipitation of sodium formate can be reduced by adding poly(ethylene glycol). The carbon monoxide used must contain only a small amount of carbon dioxide; otherwise, the catalytically inactive carbonate is precipitated. Basic catalysts may reverse the reaction, and methyl formate decomposes into methanol and carbon monoxide. Therefore, undecomposed sodium methoxide in the methyl formate must be neutralized. Hydrolysis of Methyl Formate In the second stage, the methyl formate obtained is hydrolyzed: imageUrlTagReplace2ddc19c0-905f-42c3-b14c-e68332befec9 The equilibrium constant for methyl formate hydrolysis depends on the water: ester ratio. With a molar ratio of 1, the constant is 0.14, but with a water: methyl formate molar ratio of 15, it is 0.24. Because of the unfavorable position of this equilibrium, a large excess of either water or methyl formate must be used to obtain an economically worthwhile methyl formate conversion. If methyl formate and water are used in a molar ratio of 1 : 1, the conversion is only 30 %, but if the molar ratio of water to methyl formate is increased to 5 – 6, the conversion of methyl formate rises to 60 %. However, a dilute aqueous solution of formic acid is obtained this way, and excess water must be removed from the formic acid with the expenditure of as little energy as possible. Another way to overcome the unfavorable position of the equilibrium is to hydrolyze methyl formate in the presence of a tertiary amine, e.g., 1-(n-pentyl)imidazole. The base forms a salt-like compound with formic acid; therefore, the concentration of free formic acid decreases and the hydrolysis equilibrium is shifted in the direction of products. In a subsequent step formic acid can be distilled from the base without decomposition. A two-stage hydrolysis has been suggested, in which a water-soluble formamide is used in the second stage; this forms a salt-like compound with formic acid. It also shifts the equilibrium in the direction of formic acid. To keep undesirable reesterification as low as possible, the time of direct contact between methanol and formic acid must be as short as possible, and separation must be carried out at the lowest possible temperature. Introduction of methyl formate into the lower part of the column in which lower boiling methyl formate and methanol are separated from water and formic acid, has also been suggested. This largely prevents reesterification because of the excess methyl formate present in the critical region of the column. Dehydration of the Hydrolysis Mixture Formic acid is marketed in concentrations exceeding 85 wt %; therefore, dehydration of the hydrolysis mixture is an important step in the production of formic acid from methyl formate. For dehydration, the azeotropic point must be overcome. The concentration of formic acid in the azeotropic mixture increases if distillation is carried out under pressure, but the higher boiling point at high pressure also increases the decomposition rate of formic acid. At the same time, the selection of sufficiently corrosion-resistant materials presents considerable problems. A number of entrainers have been proposed for azeotropic distillation. Reference: Gräfje, H., Körnig, W., Weitz, H.-M., Reiß, W.: Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol, Chapter 1. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sev-enth Edition, 2004 Electronic Release (ed. Fiedler E., Grossmann G., Kersebohm D., Weiss G. and Witte C.). 7 th Electronic Release Edition. WileyInterScience, New York, Online-Version under: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a04_455/frame.html technologyComment of oxidation of butane (RER): The liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons is an important process to produce acetic acid, formic acid or methyl acetate. About 43 kg of formic acid is produced per ton of acetic acid. Unreacted hydrocarbons, volatile neutral constituents, and water are separated first from the oxidation product. Formic acid is separated in the next column; azeotropic distillation is generally used for this purpose. The formic acid contains about 2 wt % acetic acid, 5 wt % water, and 3 wt % benzene. Formic acid with a content of about 98 wt % can be produced by further distillation. Reference: Gräfje, H., Körnig, W., Weitz, H.-M., Reiß, W.: Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol, Chapter 1. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sev-enth Edition, 2004 Electronic Release (ed. Fiedler E., Grossmann G., Kersebohm D., Weiss G. and Witte C.). 7 th Electronic Release Edition. WileyInterScience, New York, Online-Version under: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a04_455/frame.html
technologyComment of trimethylamine production (RER): Production from vaporised methanol and ammonia with a process yield of 95%. After the process reaction excess ammonia and amine is recycled amine and trimethylamine is recovered in a distilling column. The inventory bases on stoechiometric calculations. The emissions to air (0.2 wt.% of raw material input) and water were estimated using mass balance. Treatment of the waste water in a internal waste water treatment plant assumed (elimination efficiency of 90% for C, 70% for NH4-N and 50% for N-tot). The used reaction catalysts in the process (aluminium silicate or phosphate) were neglected.
Antibiotikaresistenzen sind ein gravierendes Problem für Umwelt und Gesundheit. Ausgabe 02/2017 der Zeitschrift UMID stellt in einem Schwerpunkt aktuelle Diskussionen zu Resistenzen in der Umwelt vor. Weitere Beiträge informieren, wie Resistenzen im Bereich der Lebensmittelkette und im Bereich der Humanmedizin überwacht werden. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt im Heft bildet das Thema Vulnerabilität im Kontext Umwelt und Gesundheit. Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Diskussionen eines Workshops zu diesem Thema. Erörtert wurden dort unter anderem Definitionen des Begriffs Vulnerabilität und verschiedene Einzelfragen wie etwa Vulnerabilität im Zusammenhang mit Verkehrslärm. Außerdem informiert die neue Ausgabe über die Hintergründe der Festsetzung von Grenzwerten für Stickstoffdioxid in der EU, die Planungen der EU hinsichtlich der Wiederverwendung von behandeltem Abwasser und widmet sich in weiteren Beiträgen dem demographischen Wandel und gesundem Altern in Deutschland. Die Zeitschrift UMID: Umwelt und Mensch – Informationsdienst erscheint zweimal im Jahr und informiert über aktuelle Themen aus Umwelt & Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz. Die Onlineversion des UMID kann kostenfrei abonniert werden.
Pollenbelastungen und damit auch die Zahl der durch Pollen ausgelösten Allergien werden im Zuge des Klimawandels sehr wahrscheinlich zunehmen. Ausgabe 01/2018 der Zeitschrift UMID erläutert die Zusammenhänge und berichtet über Maßnahmen und laufende Aktivitäten aus den Bereichen Monitoring, Bekämpfung und Information. Ein weiterer Beitrag stellt Handlungsempfehlungen vor, die Kommunen und Länder bei der Erarbeitung lokal- bzw. regionalspezifische Hitzeaktionspläne unterstützen sollen. Hitzebedingte und UV-bedingte Erkrankungen und Todesfälle können so vermieden werden.Einige weitere Themen im Heft sind Forschungsergebnisse der letzten Jahre zur Belastung der Umwelt und von Lebensmitteln mit polychorierten Biphenylen (PCB) und ausgewählten POPs, die App Scan4Chem und ihr Nutzen für Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher, Nebenwirkungen bei der Anwendung optischer Strahlung in der Kosmetik und neue Ansätze zur Integration von Geschlecht in die Forschung zu Umwelt und Gesundheit. Die Zeitschrift UMID: Umwelt und Mensch – Informationsdienst erscheint zweimal im Jahr und informiert über aktuelle Themen aus Umwelt & Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz. Die Onlineversion des UMID kann kostenfrei abonniert werden. >>> Weitere Informationen zur Zeitschrift UMID
Das Thema Fußverkehr ist zurzeit in aller Munde, doch die Potenziale des Fußverkehrs werden in Deutschland noch nicht ausgeschöpft. Der Titelbeitrag in der Ausgabe 01/2019 der Zeitschrift UMID zeigt, warum Fußverkehr Unterstützung und Förderung benötigt und beschreibt, wie Ortschaften fußverkehrsfreundlicher werden können. Außerdem werden verschiedene vom UBA in Auftrag gegebene oder geförderte Pilot- und Förderprojekte vorgestellt.Weitere Themen sind unter anderem die europäische Human-Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU, die neuen Regelungen zur Freisetzung von Formaldehyd aus Holzwerkstoffen und die Auswertung der Luftqualität für das Jahr 2018.Die Zeitschrift UMID: Umwelt und Mensch – Informationsdienst erscheint zweimal im Jahr und informiert über aktuelle Themen aus Umwelt & Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz. Die Onlineversion des UMID kann kostenfrei abonniert werden.>>> Weitere Informationen zur Zeitschrift UMID
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