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Multibeam bathymetry processed data (dataset compilation) of RV POLARSTERN & RV MARIA S. MERIAN during 44 cruises from 1984 to 2024, Fram Strait, Greenland Sea, Arctic Ocean

The Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN was established by the Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung in the Fram Strait in summer 1999 to detect and track the impact of large-scale environmental changes on the marine ecosystem in the transition zone between the northern North Atlantic and the central Arctic Ocean. In this area, bathymetric data have been recorded with multibeam echosounders during 44 research expeditions on RV Polarstern and RV Maria S. Merian since 1984. From these data, a digital elevation model was generated and geostatistical analyses were performed to calculate geospatial derivatives and quantitative terrain descriptors for subsequent terrain analyses and habitat mapping. The dataset covers an area from 78°N to 81°N and 6°W to 12°E. To create the data product, archive data was used from seven different multibeam echosounders in various raw data formats. This data has been processed and cleaned with CARIS HIPS & SIPS, including sound velocity correction for datasets from 1999 and newer. Older datasets are calculated with a static sound velocity of 1500 m/s. Soundings where exported for gridding with Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) nearneighbor. The resulting Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is in the WGS84/Arctic Polar Stereographic (EPSG:3995) projection with a cell size of 100m x 100m. The hillshade was computed with a combination of slope and synthetic illumination with a vertical exaggeration of 10. Slope inclination was calculated with GDAL tool Slope with the formula of Zevenbergen and Thorne (1987) in degree. Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) was computed with the QGIS tool Ruggedness index following the approach of Riley et al. (1999) in meters. For the Bathymetric Position Indices (BPI), focal statistics have been calculated with the GRASS tool "r.neighbors" and the QGIS raster calculator following the concept of the Topographic Position Index (Weiss, 2001) with a circular reference area of 99 cells (broad) and 9 cells (fine). The additional coverage polygon layer gives and overview on the used datasets and their corresponding metadata. The map gives an overview on the LTER HAUSGARTEN area and the HAUSGARTEN 2024 DEM.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1158: Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; Bereich Infrastruktur - Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten, Meereis-Typen in der Antarktis abgeleitet aus Beobachtungen von satellitengestützten Mikrowellensensoren (SITAnt)

Meereis ist eine der Komponenten des Erdsystems, die die schnellsten Veränderungen während der letzten Dekaden zeigten. Zum Beispiel kontrolliert Meereis die Energie- und Gasflüsse zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre in den Polargebieten. Aufgrund seines hohen Rückstrahlvermögens reflektiert es kurzwellige Strahlung effizient zurück in den Weltraum und beeinflusst das Ökosystem. Während die Meereisfläche in der Arktis mit etwa -4%/Dekade stark abnimmt, nimmt die Meereisfläche in der Antarktis leicht zu (etwa 1.5%/Dekade). Besonders ausgeprägt ist mit -13/Dekade die Abnahme von dickem, mehrjährigem Meereis in der Arktis. Die Fläche von mehrjährigem Eis in der Arktis kann mit Hilfe von satellitengestützten Mikrowellensensoren beobachtet werden. In der Antarktis ist die Fläche mehrjährigen Eises kleiner als in der Arktis aber mit 3 Millionen Quadratkilometern immer noch bedeutend. Zurzeit existiert keine Methode, um die Verteilung und zeitliche Entwicklung von mehrjährigem Eis in der Antarktis auf jahreszeitlichen oder dekadischen Zeitskalen zu beobachten. In diesem Projekt schlagen wir vor, eine Methode zur Bestimmung antarktischer Meereistypen, vor allem mehrjähriges Eis, zu entwickeln.Nach der Sommerschmelze nimmt der Salzgehalt von mehrjährigem Eis ab und damit ändern sich seine dielektrischen Eigenschaften und Porosität. Dadurch wird es möglich, es mit passiven und aktiven Mikrowellensensoren von anderen Eistypen zu unterscheiden. Die Bedingungen in der Antarktis, wie große Schneedicken, die Eis-Flutungen verursachen können, Schnee Schmelz-Gefrier-Zyklen und Meereisdynamik in der Eisrandzone (was zu verstärkter Rückenbildung, kleineren Schollen und Pfannkucheneis führt), erschweren die Unterscheidung von Meereistypen wie mehrjährigem von erstjährigem Eis. Für die Arktis wurden unlängst Methoden entwickelt, um solche Einflüsse, die zu falscher Eistyp-Klassifikation führen, zu verringern. Wir schlagen vor einen Algorithmus zur Bestimmung von Meereistypen inklusive zweier Korrekturmethoden, die schon an der Universität Bremen auf arktisches Meereis angewendet wurden, an die Bedingungen von antarktischem Meereis anzupassen und zu erweitern. Die vorgeschlagenen Methoden beruhen auf kombinierten Mikrowellen-Radiometer und -Scatterometer Beobachtungen für die Eistyp-Unterscheidung und auf Meereisdrift und atmosphärischen Reanalysedaten für die Korrekturmethoden. Das Ergebnis wir die erste zirkumpolare, langfristige Zeitserie von antarktischen Eistypen sein (mehrjähriges und erstjähriges Eis und potentiell auch junges Eis).

Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 172 (SFB TRR): Arktische Verstärkung: Klimarelevante Atmosphären- und Oberflächenprozesse und Rückkopplungsmechanismen (AC)3, Teilprojekt E04: Schneefall und Schneebedeckung und deren verbundene Rückkopplungsmechanismen

Um die Fähigkeit von Modellen die physikalischen Prozesse zu reproduzieren, die maßgeblich an der Niederschlagsvariabilität in der Arktis beteiligt sind, abschätzen zu können, werden wir aktive und passive Millimeterwellen-Satellitendatensätze auf zwei verschiedene Weisen nutzen. Der klassische Beobachtungs-Modell Ansatz wird ergänzt durch einen Modell-zu-Beobachtung Ansatz, welcher die synthetischen Messgrößen, wie Radarreflektivität und Helligkeitstemperaturen, aus RCM Simulationen erstellt. Dabei werden Beobachtungen, neue arktische Reanalysen mit unterschiedlicher räumlicher Auflösung und eine Reihe von regionalen Klimamodell-Simulationen (RCM) inklusive einem arktischen gekoppelten Atmosphäre Eis-Ozean RCM verwendet um die Verknüpfungen zwischen Meereisrückgang und Wolkenveränderungen, dem Einfluss von Schneefall, das Verhältnis von Schneefall zu Niederschlag und der Wiedergabe von beobachteter Schneebedeckungsvariabilität mit den damit verbundenen dynamischen Verbindungen mit der atmosphärischen Zirkulation zu untersuchen.

Cell densities of the Arctic diatom Thalassiosira gravida in response to temperature, photoperiod and microbiome presence

In March 2023, cell densities of the Arctic diatom Thalassiosira gravida (isolated from the Central Arctic Ocean) were determined to calculate its growth rates at different temperatures and photoperiods in the presence and absence of its natural microbiome. Therefore, a full-factorial experimental design was chosen with two levels of temperature (9°C; 13.5°C) and photoperiod (16h; 24h), to which axenic and xenic diatom cultures were acclimated for one week in climate cabinets prior to the start of the actual growth experiment at a light intensity of 50 µmol photons m-2 s-1. With an initial cell density of 1500 cells/ml, axenic and xenic diatoms were grown under the respective experimental conditions until a cell density of approximately 15000 cells/ml was reached. Cell densities were determined microscopically using an inverted light microscope, following the procedure described in detail in Giesler et al. (2023, 10.3389/fmars.2023.1244639).

Master tracks in different resolutions of POLARSTERN cruise PS122/5, Arctic Ocean - Bremerhaven, 2020-08-12 - 2020-10-12

Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV Polarstern during expedition PS122_5 was processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During PS122_5 two Trimble Marine SPS461 GPS receivers and the iXBlue HYDRINS hydrographic survey inertial navigation system were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.o2a-data.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processing and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report found at EPIC repository hdl:10013/epic.c87f9f33-baed-46f7-9fac-5f31409719bc. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.

Marine Seismic Survey Profiles (MSSP) (WMS)

During the period from 1974 to 2018 various cruises from BGR acquired seismic lines worldwide. The aim of these marine expeditions was a detailed survey of the geological structure.

Nitrogen isotope and biomarker data during Late Paleocene–early Eocene

This dataset compiles raw measurements generated to investigate perturbations of the marine nitrogen cycle during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). It includes abundances of isoprenoidal GDGTs (isoGDGTs) and crenarchaeol mass accumulation rates, (ii) chromatographic peak areas of bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT) and BHT-x, and (iii) the nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk sediments (bulk sediment δ¹⁵N). Samples were collected from multiple ocean basins and regions: the Central Arctic Ocean (IODP 302–M0004), East Tasman Plateau in the Southwest Pacific (ODP Site 1172), Central Northern Caucasus (Kheu River), the New Jersey Shelf/Atlantic Coastal Plain (ODP 174AX Ancora), the Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Transform Margin in the equatorial Atlantic (ODP 959), the Southeast Newfoundland Ridge in the central North Atlantic (IODP 1403), Fur Island, Denmark (Fur Formation), and the Tarim Basin, western China (Qimugen Formation). Lipid biomarker data were obtained using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and bulk nitrogen isotope data were measured by elemental analysis coupled to isotope-ratio mass spectrometry.

Clay and heavy minerals and total organic carbon in Arctic Ocean surface sediments – Data tables to distribution maps of Stein (2008)

Total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral assemblages are key data sets determined to characterize marine sediments in terms of sediment provenances, processes, and depositional environments. In a comprehensive review and synthesis (Stein, 2008), such data were compiled for Arctic Ocean surface sediments and shown in nine selected distribution maps: four maps of clay minerals (illite, smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite), four maps of heavy minerals (amphibole, clinopyroxene, epidote, and garnet), and one TOC map. The data used to produce these maps, are represented in the three tables of this data report. For details in background information and methodology see primary source literature cited here as well as the Stein (2008) synthesis.

Helicopter-borne Magnetics NARES I + II (Kane Basin)

In May/June 2001, as part of the expedition NARES I, an aeromagnetic survey was carried out in the area of the eastern Kane Basin in cooperation with the Canadian GSC, in addition to the survey over the Robeson Channel and parallel to marine geophysical investigations with the Canadian icebreaker Louis S. St. Laurent. Another survey, NARES II, was conducted from Alexandra Fiord in 2003 and covered coastal areas of Ellesmere Island and the western Kane Basin. The aim of the research was to detect and localize the Wegener Fault, a transform fault between Ellesmere Island and NW Greenland, which is closely linked to the opening of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The helicopter-borne magnetic surveys NARES I + II (Kane Basin) were carried out with a flight line spacing of 2 km, and control profiles were flown every 10 km. During the two expeditions, 11806 km of line data were collected (3573 km in 2001, and 8333 km in 2003), covering an area of approximately 20000 km². The aeromagnetic data were recorded by a magnetometer, which was towed approx. 25 m beneath the helicopter.

Helicopter-borne Magnetics NARES I (Robeson Channel)

During the German-Canadian Nares Strait Expedition in 2001, an aeromagnetic survey was carried out across the northern part of the Nares Strait including the Hall Basin, Judge Daly Promontory and in Robeson Channel in cooperation with the Canadian GSC. The aim of the research was to detect and localize the Wegener Fault, a transform fault between Ellesmere Island and NW Greenland, which is closely linked to the opening of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The helicopter-borne magnetic survey NARES I (Robeson Channel) was carried out with a flight line spacing of 2 km, and control profiles were flown every 10 km. During the expedition, 5470 km of line data were collected. The aeromagnetic data were recorded by a magnetometer, which was towed approx. 25 m beneath the helicopter and recorded at a constant altitude of 305 m (1000 ft) above ground.

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